The vector of visceral leishmaniasis has geographical variations. In the Asian region, the main vector is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Phlebotomus species. Phlebotomus species are the main vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in the Asian region. These sandfly species are known to transmit the Leishmania parasite, which causes the disease. Phlebotomus species are prevalent in the Asian region and have been identified through various studies as the primary vector for visceral leishmaniasis transmission. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Lutzomyia species are primarily found in the Americas and are the main vectors for leishmaniasis in that region. C: Anopheles species are known to transmit malaria, not visceral leishmaniasis. D: Mansonia species are primarily associated with transmitting diseases such as filariasis and dengue fever, not visceral leishmaniasis in the Asian region.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: chronic phenytoin therapy. Phenytoin is an antiepileptic medication known to cause gum overgrowth (gingival hyperplasia), leading to swollen and enlarged gums, but not gum bleeding. Choices B, C, and D all involve conditions that are associated with gum bleeding. Aplastic anemia (B) is a blood disorder that can cause low platelet count and increased risk of bleeding. Scurvy (C) is a condition caused by vitamin C deficiency, leading to weakened blood vessels and gum bleeding. Haemophilia (D) is a genetic disorder that impairs blood clotting, resulting in excessive bleeding, including gum bleeding.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Correct Answer: B - Hydroxyurea Rationale: 1. Hydroxyurea is not a standard treatment for sideroblastic anemia. 2. Pyridoxine (A) is commonly used to treat pyridoxine-responsive sideroblastic anemia. 3. Desferroxamine (C) is used to remove excess iron in iron overload conditions, not specific to sideroblastic anemia. 4. Androgens (D) may be used to stimulate erythropoiesis in certain types of anemia, but not typically for sideroblastic anemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: emphysema. Bone marrow transplantation does not directly complicate or affect the lungs or cause emphysema. Cataract formation (A), leucoencephalopathy (B), and cardiomyopathy (C) are potential complications due to the effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy on different organs. Emphysema is a chronic lung disease primarily caused by smoking or exposure to airborne irritants, not by bone marrow transplantation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: chronic infection. In chronic infection, the body's iron stores are depleted, leading to a decrease in serum iron levels and iron binding capacity. This occurs due to inflammation-induced hepcidin release, which inhibits iron absorption and recycling. Recurrent GIT bleeding (choice A) would lead to iron loss, resulting in decreased iron but increased iron binding capacity due to compensatory mechanisms. Intestinal resection (choice B) can also cause iron deficiency anemia but would not lead to decreased iron binding capacity. Menorrhagia (choice D) would result in iron loss but again would not lead to decreased iron binding capacity.