The type of medicine that proposes that a person's inherent "life force" can foster self-healing is known as _____ medicine.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) naturopathic medicine. Naturopathic medicine is based on the belief that the body has an inherent ability to heal itself, also known as the "vital force" or "life force." Naturopathic practitioners focus on supporting this natural healing process through a holistic approach that includes nutrition, lifestyle changes, herbal medicine, and other natural therapies. Option A) homeopathic medicine is a system of medicine based on the principle of "like cures like" and uses highly diluted substances to stimulate the body's self-healing abilities. While homeopathy also emphasizes the body's ability to heal itself, it is distinct from naturopathic medicine. Option B) integrative medicine combines conventional medicine with evidence-based complementary therapies. While integrative medicine may incorporate aspects of naturopathic principles, it does not specifically focus on the inherent "life force" concept. Option D) Ayurvedic medicine is a traditional system of medicine from India that also emphasizes the body's natural ability to heal itself through a balance of elements and energies. However, Ayurvedic medicine is based on different principles than naturopathic medicine. Educationally, understanding the differences between these types of medicine is important for healthcare professionals to provide well-rounded care to patients. Knowing the principles and approaches of various types of medicine allows for a more comprehensive and individualized approach to patient care, taking into account their beliefs and preferences regarding healing.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) fetal programming. Fetal programming refers to the concept that maternal malnutrition during critical periods of development can lead to lifelong changes in genetic expression and increase the risk of obesity in the offspring. This phenomenon highlights the impact of environmental factors on gene expression and subsequent health outcomes. Option A) genetic determination is incorrect because it implies that genetics alone determine the outcome, disregarding the role of environmental influences like maternal nutrition. Option B) metabolic tolerance is incorrect as it does not address the specific impact of maternal malnutrition during critical periods on genetic expression and obesity risk in offspring. Option C) chromosomal influence is incorrect as it focuses on chromosomal factors rather than the environmental influence of maternal malnutrition during development. Educationally, understanding fetal programming is crucial for healthcare providers as it underscores the importance of maternal nutrition in influencing long-term health outcomes for the offspring. This knowledge can inform interventions to promote optimal nutrition during pregnancy to mitigate the risk of obesity and other health issues in future generations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the first six months of lactation, a breastfeeding mother requires approximately 330 extra kilocalories per day to meet the increased energy demands of producing breast milk. This additional energy is crucial for sustaining both the mother's health and the proper growth and development of the infant. Option A (250 kcal) is insufficient to meet the heightened energy needs during lactation. Consuming only 250 extra kcalories may not provide the necessary energy for the mother to produce an adequate amount of quality breast milk continuously. Option C (400 kcal) and Option D (470 kcal) exceed the recommended additional kcalories needed during lactation. Consuming significantly more calories than necessary can lead to weight gain for the mother, which may not be beneficial for her overall health. It is important for healthcare professionals, especially nurses, to understand the specific nutritional requirements of breastfeeding mothers to provide accurate guidance and support. By knowing the correct amount of extra kcalories needed, nurses can help mothers make informed dietary choices to maintain their health and support optimal infant nutrition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and nutrition, understanding the relationship between medical problems and malnutrition is crucial for nurses and healthcare professionals. In this question, the correct answer is A) incontinence, as it is not generally associated with malnutrition. Incontinence is a condition related to the inability to control urination or defecation, and it does not directly impact the body's ability to absorb and utilize nutrients from food. On the other hand, pressure sores (B) can lead to malnutrition due to increased metabolic demands for healing, celiac disease (C) causes malabsorption of nutrients leading to malnutrition, and major surgery (D) can result in malnutrition due to increased nutrient requirements for healing and recovery. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the various medical conditions that can predispose individuals to malnutrition. Nurses need to assess patients comprehensively to identify factors that may contribute to malnutrition and develop appropriate interventions to address nutritional needs in different clinical scenarios. Understanding these relationships is essential for providing holistic patient care and optimizing health outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, diuretic medications are commonly prescribed to increase urine output and manage conditions such as hypertension and heart failure. A common side effect of diuretic medications is dry mouth (Option A). This occurs because diuretics can cause dehydration by increasing urine production, leading to reduced salivary flow and subsequently dry mouth. Option B, urinary tract infection, is not a common side effect of diuretic medications. While diuretics increase urine output, they do not directly cause urinary tract infections. Option C, increased taste perception, is also incorrect. Diuretics do not typically affect taste perception. Option D, nausea, is a possible side effect of diuretics, but it is not as common as dry mouth. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to understand the common side effects of diuretic medications to provide safe and effective patient care. Recognizing and managing side effects, such as dry mouth, can help prevent complications and improve patient outcomes. Nurses must monitor patients on diuretics for signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth, to intervene promptly and prevent further complications.