The tunica submucosa and mucosa of the stomach are thrown into large folds called

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: rugae. Rugae are large folds in the tunica submucosa and mucosa of the stomach that allow for expansion when the stomach is full. Epiploic appendages (A) are fatty projections on the serosa of the large intestine. Plicae circulares (C) are circular folds in the small intestine for increasing surface area. Villi (D) are finger-like projections in the small intestine for absorption. Rugae specifically refer to the folds in the stomach lining, making them the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin is not part of the enzymatic component of pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice contains amylase for carbohydrate digestion, lipase for fat digestion, and nucleases for nucleic acid digestion. Chymotrypsin is produced in the pancreas but is not secreted directly into the pancreatic juice. It is released in an inactive form that is activated in the small intestine. Therefore, chymotrypsin is not directly involved in the initial breakdown of nutrients in the pancreatic juice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL is known to have a higher proportion of protein compared to other lipoproteins. In this case, with 45% protein content, it aligns with the typical composition of HDL. HDL is responsible for transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for excretion, making it crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health. A: Micelle is incorrect as it is a single-layered structure formed by amphipathic molecules in a specific environment like bile salts in the intestines. B: Chylomicron is incorrect as it is primarily composed of triglycerides and is responsible for transporting dietary lipids. C: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is incorrect as it typically has higher cholesterol content compared to HDL and is known as "bad cholesterol" due to its role in depositing cholesterol in arteries.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the absorption of vitamins from the intestine involves various mechanisms. Vitamin E is indeed absorbed by a protein that binds peroxidized fatty acids. Thiamine pyrophosphate and pyridoxal phosphate need to be dephosphorylated before absorption. Oxidized vitamin C is absorbed by a glucose transporter. Therefore, all the options given are correct as they describe different aspects of the absorption process. Each choice provides a unique insight into how different vitamins are absorbed, highlighting the complexity of the absorption process.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because macrophages can indeed infiltrate enlarged adipocytes in obesity. This is a true statement as obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue, leading to macrophage infiltration. Option A is incorrect as inflammation can also occur in response to tissue damage. Option B is incorrect as inflammation is a normal and necessary response to injury or infection for tissue repair. Option D is incorrect as statement C is true.