The traditionally prescribed drug types used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) CNS stimulants. In the treatment of ADHD, CNS stimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly prescribed. These medications work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, leading to improved focus, attention, and impulse control in individuals with ADHD. Option A) CNS depressants, such as benzodiazepines, have a sedative effect and are not typically used in the treatment of ADHD. Using CNS depressants can worsen symptoms by further reducing alertness and attention. Option B) Parasympathomimetics affect the parasympathetic nervous system and are not indicated for treating ADHD. These medications can cause side effects like bradycardia and excessive salivation, which are not beneficial in managing ADHD symptoms. Option D) Sympathomimetics stimulate the sympathetic nervous system but are not the primary choice for treating ADHD. While some sympathomimetics may have effects on attention and focus, they are not as effective or commonly prescribed as CNS stimulants for managing ADHD. In an educational context, it is important for healthcare professionals to understand the pharmacological treatment options for ADHD to provide safe and effective care to patients. By knowing the appropriate medications and their mechanisms of action, healthcare providers can make informed decisions when managing ADHD and advocate for the best outcomes for their patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the best choice to treat the 13-year-old female with seasonal allergic rhinitis is option C: Montelukast. Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist that helps alleviate symptoms of allergic rhinitis by blocking the action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory mediators involved in allergic reactions. Aspirin (option A) is not the best choice in this case because it is not typically used to treat allergic rhinitis and can even exacerbate symptoms in some individuals. Epinephrine (option B) is indicated for severe allergic reactions/anaphylaxis, not for mild allergic rhinitis symptoms. Naproxen (option D) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that may help with symptoms like nasal congestion or headache, but it does not target the underlying allergic response like Montelukast does. Educationally, it is important to understand the pharmacological basis of different treatment options for allergic rhinitis. Knowing the mechanism of action of Montelukast and how it specifically targets allergic responses can help healthcare providers make informed decisions when managing patients with similar presentations. Additionally, considering the patient's age and history of symptoms, choosing a safe and effective medication like Montelukast is crucial for providing optimal care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Naproxen sodium. Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can help in relieving pain but can worsen gastrointestinal symptoms such as gastroesophageal reflux and abdominal pain. Choline magnesium trisalicylate (Option A) is a salicylate NSAID that can also cause gastrointestinal side effects but is less likely to worsen symptoms compared to naproxen. Celecoxib (Option B) is a selective COX-2 inhibitor that is less likely to cause gastrointestinal side effects compared to traditional NSAIDs like naproxen. Ketorolac (Option C) is a potent NSAID that can cause significant gastrointestinal side effects similar to naproxen. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers to understand the side effect profiles of different pain medications, especially in patients with pre-existing conditions like gastroesophageal reflux. This knowledge helps in making informed decisions when choosing appropriate medications for pain management while considering individual patient factors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Paliperidone, a second-generation antipsychotic, treats schizoaffective disorder's psychotic and mood symptoms via D2 and 5HT2 antagonism. Its moderate sedative effect, less than chlorpromazine's, can aid sleep onset without excessive drowsiness, fitting her insomnia complaint. Lithium stabilizes mood but doesn't sedate or address psychosis directly. Chlorpromazine, a sedating first-generation antipsychotic, risks oversedation and EPS. Haloperidol, non-sedating, controls psychosis but not mood or sleep. Ziprasidone lacks strong sedation. Paliperidone's balanced profile manages her condition holistically, improving sleep while targeting core symptoms, per evidence.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Antihistamines, particularly first-generation ones (e.g., diphenhydramine), block H1 receptors but cross the blood-brain barrier, causing sedation. The statement 'This medication could make me very sleepy' shows the client understands this key side effect, indicating effective education. Alcohol exacerbates sedation, so that's incorrect. Increased fluids aren't specifically required unless addressing dry mouth, a secondary issue. OTC status doesn't guarantee safety, a common misconception. The nurse evaluates learning by the client's recognition of drowsiness, critical for safety (e.g., avoiding driving), making choice D the best evidence of comprehension.