The tough 'horny' superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: stratum corneum. This is the outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead skin cells filled with keratin. It provides protection against environmental factors. Stratum spinosum (B) is a layer below the stratum corneum, stratum basale (C) is the deepest layer where cells divide, and stratum granulosum (D) is a layer above the stratum corneum where cells start to flatten and keratinize. The stratum corneum is the toughest and most superficial layer, making it the correct choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Carotene is the correct answer because it is a pigment present in vegetables like carrots and sweet potatoes that can give the skin an orange or yellow hue when consumed in large quantities. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants for photosynthesis. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed from the breakdown of red blood cells and can cause yellowing of the skin in conditions like jaundice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are immune cells found in the epidermis that play a crucial role in initiating immune responses. They capture antigens and present them to T cells, triggering an immune response. Squamous cells (A) are flat cells in the skin, Merkel cells (B) are touch receptors, and Melanocytes (D) produce melanin for skin pigmentation. They are not directly involved in the immune system function within the epidermis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: rhinophyma. Rhinophyma is characterized by a bulbous nose, hyperplasia of nasal tissues, and is commonly seen in older men with advanced rosacea. Blepharoplasty (A) is eyelid surgery. Nail body (C) refers to the visible part of the nail. Hematoma (D) is a localized collection of blood outside vessels. Rhinophyma aligns with the symptoms described in the question, making it the correct choice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bluish color around the lips and earlobes. This indicates cyanosis, a sign of inadequate oxygenation. Immediate further assessment or intervention is crucial as it suggests potentially severe respiratory or circulatory issues. - Choice B: Yellow skin and sclera indicate jaundice, often a sign of liver dysfunction, which requires attention but is less urgent. - Choice C: Bilateral erythema of the face and neck suggests a possible allergic reaction or skin condition, which is concerning but not immediately life-threatening. - Choice D: Dark brown spotting on the chest and back may indicate skin issues or a benign condition, requiring assessment but not as urgently as cyanosis.