Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Virchow's triad describes the three pathological factors that are associated with the formation of a thrombus. These factors include endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Endothelial injury disrupts the normal function of the endothelium, leading to the exposure of collagen and tissue factor, which triggers the coagulation cascade. Abnormal blood flow can result in stasis or turbulence, which promotes the accumulation of platelets and clotting factors. Hypercoagulability refers to an increase in the tendency of the blood to clot, which can be caused by various conditions such as genetic disorders, cancer, and certain medications. These three factors work together to increase the risk of thrombus formation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Septic arthritis is a form of arthritis that is considered a medical emergency. It is an acute, severe infection of a joint often caused by bacteria entering the joint space. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to prevent irreversible joint damage and systemic spread of the infection. Symptoms of septic arthritis typically include severe joint pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and decreased range of motion. The nurse should plan care to facilitate rapid diagnosis, administration of antibiotics, joint drainage if necessary, and close monitoring for complications. Osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis, and reactive arthritis are not medical emergencies and generally require different treatment approaches.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Virchow's triad describes the three pathological factors that are associated with the formation of a thrombus. These factors include endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Endothelial injury disrupts the normal function of the endothelium, leading to the exposure of collagen and tissue factor, which triggers the coagulation cascade. Abnormal blood flow can result in stasis or turbulence, which promotes the accumulation of platelets and clotting factors. Hypercoagulability refers to an increase in the tendency of the blood to clot, which can be caused by various conditions such as genetic disorders, cancer, and certain medications. These three factors work together to increase the risk of thrombus formation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The nurse should include the instruction that the client can expect to be ambulating, or walking around, on the evening of surgery. Early ambulation after VAD placement is important to prevent complications such as blood clots, pneumonia, and muscle weakness. Encouraging early mobility can also improve overall recovery and decrease the risk of postoperative complications. It is important for the client to understand that they will be encouraged to begin moving around as soon as possible after the surgery.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: African Americans have a higher prevalence of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) compared to other ethnic groups. Additionally, advancing age is a significant risk factor for developing PVD. Therefore, the 83-year-old African American male has the highest risk among the given options due to his age and ethnicity.