The theorist who believes in self-efficacy is

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of Patient Family Centered Care Nursing, understanding the concept of self-efficacy is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer is D) Albert Bandura. Bandura is known for his Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes the importance of self-efficacy - an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations. In nursing practice, self-efficacy influences how patients and families manage their health, adhere to treatment plans, and cope with challenges. A) Sigmund Freud is known for his psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences, not self-efficacy in patient care. B) Carl Rogers is associated with person-centered therapy, emphasizing empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness in therapeutic relationships, but not specifically self-efficacy. C) Abraham Maslow is known for his hierarchy of needs theory, which prioritizes physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs, but does not directly address self-efficacy. Educationally, understanding Bandura's concept of self-efficacy in patient care can help nurses empower individuals to take an active role in managing their health, leading to better health outcomes and increased patient satisfaction. It also underscores the importance of fostering a supportive environment that promotes patients' and families' confidence in their abilities to make positive health decisions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of patient family-centered care nursing, understanding child development stages is crucial for providing appropriate care. The correct answer is C) Concrete operational stage. During this stage, which typically occurs between ages 7 to 11, children begin to grasp concepts of conservation, reversibility, and logical thought. Understanding patterns is a key aspect of logical thinking, and children in this stage start to recognize and understand patterns in their environment. Option A) Sensorimotor stage, characterized by learning through senses and movement, does not specifically focus on understanding patterns but rather on sensory experiences and object permanence. Option B) Preoperational stage is more focused on symbolic thinking and egocentrism rather than pattern recognition. Option D) Formal operational stage, which begins around age 11, involves abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning, but pattern recognition is more central to the concrete operational stage. Educationally, knowing at which stage of development children are more likely to understand patterns helps nurses tailor their approach to communication, education, and care provision. By recognizing a child's cognitive abilities, nurses can adjust their teaching strategies and expectations to better support the child's understanding and participation in their care. This knowledge enhances the nurse's ability to engage with pediatric patients effectively and ensure a more patient-centered approach to care delivery.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of patient family-centered care nursing, understanding child development stages is crucial for providing appropriate care. The correct answer is B) Preoperational stage for the child's ability to understand symbolism. During this stage, which typically occurs between the ages of 2 to 7 years old according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children begin to develop the capacity for symbolic thought. This means they can understand and represent things through symbols such as words or mental images. Option A) Sensorimotor stage is focused on sensory experiences and motor skills development, not yet reaching the cognitive ability for symbolic thinking. Option C) Concrete operational stage involves logical thinking but not the full capacity for abstract or symbolic thought. Option D) Formal operational stage, occurring in adolescence and beyond, includes abstract thinking but is beyond the developmental stage where symbolism is first understood. Understanding these developmental stages is essential for nurses working with pediatric patients and their families. By recognizing where a child is developmentally, nurses can tailor their communication, education, and care strategies to effectively meet the child's needs. Being aware of when a child begins to grasp symbolism allows nurses to use appropriate language, visuals, and tools to enhance understanding and engagement during interactions and interventions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of patient family-centered care in nursing, understanding child development stages is crucial for providing appropriate care. The correct answer is C) Concrete operational stage. This stage, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, typically occurs between ages 7 to 11. In this stage, children begin to grasp logical operations and understand concepts like conservation and reversibility. Option A) Sensorimotor stage is incorrect because it occurs from birth to around age 2, focusing on sensory experiences and object permanence rather than logical reasoning. Option B) Preoperational stage is incorrect because although children in this stage (ages 2 to 7) develop symbolic thinking, they still struggle with logical operations. Option D) Formal operational stage is incorrect because it occurs in adolescence and is characterized by abstract thinking and hypothesis testing, beyond the level of logical operations seen in the concrete operational stage. In a nursing context, understanding child development stages helps nurses tailor their communication, education, and care strategies to meet the cognitive abilities of pediatric patients. By recognizing that children in the concrete operational stage are developing logical thinking skills, nurses can better explain procedures, treatments, and involve them in their care decisions effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of patient family-centered care nursing, understanding child development stages is crucial for providing appropriate care and support. The correct answer to the question is D) Formal operational stage. During the formal operational stage, which typically occurs in adolescence, children develop the ability for abstract thinking. This means they can think about hypothetical situations, reason deductively, and consider multiple perspectives. In a healthcare setting, this cognitive ability is important as it allows adolescents to understand complex medical information, make informed decisions about their health, and actively participate in their care. Option A) Sensorimotor stage, is characterized by learning through senses and movement, typically seen in infants. Option B) Preoperational stage, involves symbolic thinking but lacks the ability for abstract reasoning. Option C) Concrete operational stage, exhibits logical thinking but not abstract thought. Understanding these developmental stages helps healthcare providers tailor their approach to effectively communicate with and engage pediatric patients and their families. By recognizing that adolescents are in the formal operational stage, nurses can adapt their communication strategies to ensure information is provided in a way that aligns with the child's cognitive abilities, promoting comprehension and active involvement in their care.