The term “biotransformation” includes the following:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because biotransformation refers to the process of physicochemical and biochemical alteration of a drug in the body. This process involves converting a drug into metabolites that are more easily excreted. Choice A is incorrect as it describes accumulation in fat tissue, not transformation. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to binding with plasma proteins, not transformation. Choice C is incorrect as it mentions accumulation in a tissue, not transformation. Thus, only choice D accurately defines biotransformation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: It has esteratic linkage. Lidocaine is an amide-type local anesthetic, not an ester. It is not a universal anesthetic (A), as it is mainly used for local anesthesia. It is widely used as an antiarrhythmic agent (C) due to its ability to stabilize cell membranes in the heart. Lidocaine is metabolized in the liver (D) by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Therefore, B is incorrect because lidocaine does not have an esteratic linkage.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Atropine. Atropine is an anticholinergic medication that blocks the action of acetylcholine, leading to decreased tear production and dry eyes. This is why patients complain of dry or "sandy" eyes when receiving large doses of Atropine. Summary of other choices: B: Hexamethonium - This is a ganglionic blocking agent used in hypertension, not associated with dry eyes. C: Pilocarpine - This is a cholinergic agonist used to treat glaucoma by increasing tear production, opposite effect of dry eyes. D: Carbachol - This is a cholinergic agonist used in glaucoma, not associated with dry eyes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Ephedrine acts indirectly by stimulating release of norepinephrine from nerve terminals. 2. Epinephrine (A) and norepinephrine (B) act directly on adrenergic receptors. 3. Methoxamine (D) is a direct acting alpha-1 agonist. Summary: A, B, and D directly stimulate adrejsonceptors, while only C acts indirectly by promoting norepinephrine release.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is a sympathomimetic agent that acts on both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, increasing heart rate, contractility, and vasoconstriction. In cardiac arrest, epinephrine is crucial for improving coronary and cerebral perfusion, leading to increased chances of successful resuscitation. Methoxamine (A) and Phenylephrine (B) are pure alpha-adrenergic agonists with minimal cardiac effects, not ideal for cardiac arrest. Xylometazoline (D) is a nasal decongestant and has no role in cardiac arrest management.