The symptoms of infantile glaucoma include the classic triad of

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is option B) tearing, photophobia, and blepharospasm. In infantile glaucoma, these symptoms form the classic triad that healthcare providers should be aware of during HEENT assessments. Tearing is a common symptom in infantile glaucoma due to increased intraocular pressure leading to excessive tearing. Photophobia, or sensitivity to light, is another key symptom as the increased pressure in the eye can make the infant more sensitive to light. Blepharospasm, or involuntary eyelid closure, is also characteristic of infantile glaucoma. Option A is incorrect because it includes conjunctival injection, which is not typically part of the classic triad of infantile glaucoma symptoms. Option C is incorrect as ocular enlargement is not part of the classic triad, although it can be a sign of more advanced glaucoma. Option D is incorrect as corneal enlargement is not one of the classic triad symptoms seen in infantile glaucoma. Educationally, understanding the classic triad of symptoms in infantile glaucoma is crucial for early identification and intervention to prevent potential vision loss in infants. Healthcare providers must be able to recognize these symptoms during pediatric HEENT assessments to ensure prompt referral and appropriate management.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric HEENT assessment, understanding the etiology of sensorineural hearing loss is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management. The least likely cause among the options provided is otitis media (Option C). Otitis media primarily affects the middle ear, leading to conductive hearing loss rather than sensorineural hearing loss. It is typically a temporary condition resulting from fluid buildup or infection in the middle ear and can be effectively managed with antibiotics or tympanostomy tubes. On the other hand, options A, B, and D are known to be associated with sensorineural hearing loss. - A) Family history of sensorineural hearing loss: Genetic predisposition can contribute to sensorineural hearing loss in children. - B) In utero infection: Infections like cytomegalovirus, rubella, and syphilis can be transmitted from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy, leading to sensorineural hearing loss. - D) Bacterial meningitis: This inflammatory infection can damage the cochlea or auditory nerve, resulting in sensorineural hearing loss. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of differentiating between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss causes in pediatric patients. Understanding these distinctions is vital for nurses to provide appropriate care, referral, and support to children with hearing impairments. Practitioners must be able to recognize the potential causes of sensorineural hearing loss to ensure timely intervention and prevent further complications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric HEENT assessment, identifying acute otitis media (AOM) accurately is crucial for providing appropriate care. The most reliable finding associated with AOM is decreased mobility of the tympanic membrane by pneumatic otoscopy (Option D). This finding indicates the presence of middle ear effusion, a key diagnostic feature of AOM. When the middle ear is filled with fluid, the tympanic membrane does not move as freely in response to changes in pressure. Regarding the other options: A) Otalgia (ear pain) is a common symptom in AOM but can also be present in other ear conditions, making it less specific to AOM. B) Visual inspection showing a thickened tympanic membrane can be seen in AOM, but it is not as reliable as decreased mobility for diagnosis. C) Hyperemia of the tympanic membrane (redness) can be present in AOM but is also seen in other ear infections, lacking specificity. Educationally, understanding the importance of pneumatic otoscopy and recognizing the significance of decreased mobility of the tympanic membrane can aid healthcare providers in accurately diagnosing AOM in pediatric patients. This knowledge can guide appropriate treatment decisions and improve outcomes for children with ear infections.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the case of otitis media caused by resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, all of the factors mentioned in the options are associated with an increased risk. A) Recent antimicrobial exposure is a risk factor because it can lead to the development of resistant strains of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae. B) Young age (<2 years) is a risk factor due to the immature immune system and Eustachian tube anatomy in young children, making them more susceptible to infections. C) Daycare attendance increases the risk due to the close contact with other children, leading to easier transmission of bacteria and viruses that can cause otitis media. Choosing option D as the correct answer emphasizes the comprehensive approach needed to address the multifactorial nature of otitis media caused by resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for healthcare providers to implement appropriate preventive measures, early detection, and effective treatment strategies. Educating healthcare professionals on these factors enables them to provide better care and management of pediatric patients with otitis media.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this pediatric HEENT assessment question, the correct answer is C) Otitis media. Sensorineural hearing loss is not typically associated with otitis media, which is an infection of the middle ear. A) Family history of hereditary hearing loss is associated with sensorineural hearing loss as it can be passed down genetically. B) In utero infections such as cytomegalovirus, rubella, and syphilis can lead to sensorineural hearing loss as these infections can affect the inner ear during fetal development. D) Bacterial meningitis is known to cause sensorineural hearing loss due to the inflammation and damage it can cause to the cochlea and auditory nerve. Educationally, it is important for nurses to understand the different causes of hearing loss in pediatric patients to provide appropriate care and referrals for further evaluation and intervention. Recognizing the associations between various conditions and hearing loss can help in early identification and management, which is crucial for a child's development and quality of life.