The success of oral rehydration therapy of diarrhoea depends upon the following process in the intestinal mucosa.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of gastrointestinal drugs and oral rehydration therapy for diarrhea, the correct answer to the question regarding the process in the intestinal mucosa that affects the success of the therapy is B) Glucose coupled Na⁺ absorption. The rationale behind this is that oral rehydration therapy works by utilizing the glucose coupled Na⁺ absorption mechanism in the small intestine. Glucose helps to facilitate the absorption of sodium and water in the intestines, aiding in the rehydration process. This mechanism is crucial in restoring electrolyte balance and combating dehydration caused by diarrhea. The other options can be explained as follows: A) Sodium pump mediated Na⁺ absorption: While sodium pumps play a role in maintaining cellular electrolyte balance, they are not directly involved in the mechanism of oral rehydration therapy. C) Bicarbonate coupled Na⁺ absorption: Bicarbonate is more involved in buffering actions in the body and is not the primary mechanism for Na⁺ absorption in the context of oral rehydration therapy. D) Passive Na⁺ diffusion secondary to nutrient absorption: While passive diffusion of sodium can occur, it is not the primary mechanism targeted in oral rehydration therapy, which relies on active transport mechanisms like glucose coupled Na⁺ absorption. Understanding the specific mechanisms involved in oral rehydration therapy is essential for healthcare professionals to effectively manage and treat conditions like diarrhea. By grasping the role of glucose coupled Na⁺ absorption, clinicians can better appreciate the rationale behind using oral rehydration solutions to restore fluid and electrolyte balance in patients with diarrheal illnesses.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In peptic ulcer management, antacids play a primary role in providing prompt relief of pain. Antacids work by neutralizing gastric acid, which helps alleviate the burning pain associated with peptic ulcers. This immediate relief is crucial for improving the patient's comfort and quality of life. Option A is correct because prompt pain relief is a direct and immediate benefit of antacid use in peptic ulcers. While antacids can provide symptomatic relief, they are not primarily responsible for ulcer healing (Option B), controlling bleeding (Option C), or preventing ulcer relapse (Option D). Educationally, understanding the role of antacids in peptic ulcer management is essential for healthcare professionals to provide effective treatment to patients. By knowing the specific functions of antacids, healthcare providers can make informed decisions about the appropriate use of these medications based on the patient's symptoms and clinical presentation. This knowledge ensures optimal patient care and outcomes in the management of peptic ulcers.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Neuropeptide Y. Neuropeptide Y is a potent vasoconstrictor that can be inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, preventing its vasodilatory effects. Angiotensin I (option A) is not inactivated by proteolytic enzymes; instead, it is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Isoproterenol (option B) is a beta-adrenergic agonist that acts by stimulating beta receptors, not through inactivation by proteolytic enzymes. Histamine (option C) is a vasoactive substance that acts through histamine receptors and is not inactivated by proteolytic enzymes in the context mentioned. Understanding the mechanisms of action and inactivation of different drugs is crucial in pharmacology. In this case, knowing that neuropeptide Y is inactivated by proteolytic enzymes helps in understanding its physiological effects on vasodilation. This knowledge is essential for healthcare professionals to make informed decisions regarding the use of gastrointestinal drugs and their effects on the body.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Ketoconazole. Ketoconazole is an antifungal medication that is known to inhibit the metabolism of cisapride, leading to increased cisapride levels in the body. This can result in prolongation of the QT interval in the heart's electrical cycle, potentially leading to cardiac arrhythmias. Amphotericin B (Option A), Clotrimazole (Option B), and Griseofulvin (Option C) are antifungal medications that do not have a known interaction with cisapride that leads to cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, they are incorrect in this context. From an educational perspective, it is crucial for healthcare providers to be aware of potential drug interactions, especially when prescribing medications that can affect cardiac function. Understanding these interactions can help prevent adverse effects and ensure patient safety. This case highlights the importance of thorough medication review, knowledge of drug interactions, and monitoring for potential adverse reactions when multiple medications are prescribed concurrently.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the case of a 55-year-old woman with insulin-dependent diabetes and diabetic gastroparesis, the most appropriate drug to recommend is Metoclopramide (Option D). Metoclopramide is a prokinetic agent that enhances gastrointestinal motility by stimulating the muscles in the upper digestive tract. This is particularly beneficial in gastroparesis, a condition characterized by delayed stomach emptying, which can lead to symptoms like bloating and abdominal distress after meals. By improving gastric emptying, Metoclopramide can alleviate these symptoms and improve overall gastrointestinal function in patients with diabetic gastroparesis. Now, let's explore why the other options are not the best choices in this scenario: A) Docusate is a stool softener commonly used to treat constipation by increasing the water content in the stool. It is not indicated for diabetic gastroparesis and would not address the underlying cause of the symptoms described in the case. B) Dopamine is not a recommended treatment for diabetic gastroparesis. In fact, dopamine antagonists like Metoclopramide are more commonly used to manage this condition by enhancing gastric motility. C) Loperamide is an anti-diarrheal medication that slows down bowel movements. While it can be helpful in conditions like diarrhea, it is not the appropriate choice for diabetic gastroparesis, which is characterized by delayed gastric emptying and bloating after meals. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind selecting the most appropriate medication for a specific condition is crucial for healthcare professionals. By grasping the pharmacological mechanisms of drugs like Metoclopramide and their applications in clinical scenarios such as diabetic gastroparesis, practitioners can make informed decisions to optimize patient care and outcomes.