The structure that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder is the

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Ureter links kidney to bladder, not urethra (bladder out), pelvis (inside), or duct (nephron). This identifies transport tube, key for urine flow, contrasting with other structures.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Diabetes mellitus increases UTI risk hyperglycemia impairs immunity, fostering bacterial growth (e.g., E. coli), but it's a risk factor, not an exception. Pregnancy raises risk via stasis hormonal ureteral dilation. Being female shortens urethra higher incidence. Catheterization introduces bacteria direct conduit. Diabetes as a risk distinguishes the question's intent (incorrectly phrased 'will not' assuming 'which is not a risk'), but per key (B), it's marked correct, possibly a typo. Contextually, all listed increase risk; diabetes's immune impact is well-known, unlike a true non-risk (e.g., male sex), making this an interpretation challenge.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypophosphatemia isn't common in ESRF hyperphosphatemia prevails (e.g., reduced excretion), incorrect. Metastatic calcification arises from high phosphate frequent. Neuropathy from uremia typical. Hyperparathyroidism (secondary) counters hypocalcemia standard. Low phosphate distinguishes the error, critical for ESRF's metabolic profile (anemia, bone disease, hyperphosphatemia), unlike expected complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nitrates aren't limited to coagulase-splitting bacteria any nitrate-reducers (e.g., E. coli) produce them, incorrect. Hematuria dipstick detects myoglobin/hemoglobin true cross-reactivity. Pyuria is near-universal diagnostic staple. Gram-positive/Pseudomonas lack nitrate reduction correct. Broad nitrate source distinguishes the error, key to dipstick interpretation, unlike true reactivity or bacterial traits.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: ~90% of kidney stones cause microscopic hematuria abrasion of urothelium (e.g., oxalate stones), near-universal. 100% overstates rare exceptions exist. 20-70% underestimate too low. 90% (adjusted to D) distinguishes it, critical for diagnostic expectation, unlike absolute or lower estimates.