The spouse of a patient with schizophrenia asks, 'Which neurotransmitters are more active when a person has schizophrenia?' The nurse should state, 'The current thinking is that the thought disturbances are related to increased activity of: (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: dopamine. Dopamine is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, with increased dopamine activity thought to contribute to the positive symptoms of the disorder. This is supported by the effectiveness of antipsychotic medications that block dopamine receptors. GABA (A) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and its dysfunction is associated with anxiety disorders, not schizophrenia. Substance P (B) is primarily involved in pain perception and neurokinin receptors, not typically implicated in schizophrenia. Histamine (C) plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle and allergic responses, but is not a primary neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it appeals to the patient's traditional Chinese beliefs by mentioning yin and yang forces and harmony, which are important concepts in traditional Chinese medicine. This can help the patient feel more comfortable and reassured about the surgery. Choice B is incorrect because it uses vague language about "final transformation" which may not resonate with the patient's cultural beliefs. Choice C is incorrect because while it offers reassurance, it does not address the patient's specific cultural background or concerns about the surgery. Choice D is incorrect because while acupuncture may be a valid option, it does not directly address the patient's anxiety and reluctance towards surgery based on their traditional health practices.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: Meditative practices, such as mindfulness and deep breathing, are evidence-based therapies that have been shown to effectively reduce anxiety symptoms. Step 2: Meditative practices can be safely integrated with traditional Western medicine without adverse interactions. Step 3: These practices promote relaxation, stress reduction, and overall well-being, complementing the treatment of anxiety disorders. Step 4: Electroconvulsive therapy (A) is a medical procedure used for severe depression, not anxiety. Mega doses of vitamins (B) lack sufficient evidence for treating anxiety. Herbal therapy (D) can have interactions with medications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C - The patient's family voices a stigma against psychiatric medications Rationale: This choice poses an ethical concern as the patient's family's stigma against psychiatric medications may influence the patient's decision-making process and access to necessary treatment. It raises issues of autonomy, informed consent, and potential harm caused by familial beliefs. The other choices, while important considerations, do not directly relate to ethical concerns in prescribing psychiatric medications. The patient being homeless and uninsured (A) may affect access to medication but does not inherently pose an ethical concern. The patient's self-reported hallucinations (B) and concerns about side effects (D) are typical clinical considerations but do not directly relate to ethical concerns in this context.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The central sulcus. The central sulcus is a prominent groove on the surface of the brain that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. This anatomical landmark is crucial in delineating the functional areas of the brain. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The grey matter is a type of brain tissue that is not specific to separating the frontal and parietal lobes. C: The hippocampus is a structure involved in memory and spatial navigation, not in separating brain lobes. D: Broca's area is a region in the frontal lobe responsible for speech production, not for separating lobes.