The situation when failure to continue administering the drug results in serious psychological and somatic disturbances is called?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Abstinence Syndrome. This term refers to the occurrence of psychological and somatic disturbances when a drug is suddenly discontinued after prolonged use. Tachyphylaxis (A) is the rapid development of tolerance to a drug. Sensibilization (B) is the opposite of tolerance, where increased sensitivity to a drug occurs over time. Idiosyncrasy (D) is an unexpected or unusual reaction to a drug. In this scenario, the situation describes the consequences of stopping the drug, aligning with the definition of Abstinence Syndrome.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Eye. The parasympathetic nervous system controls functions like pupil constriction in the eye. This effect is mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. The eye has a unique structure called the iris sphincter muscle, which responds to parasympathetic stimulation by constricting the pupil. Unlike other organs, the effect on the eye is not subject to rapid decline, as the iris sphincter muscle has a high sensitivity to acetylcholine. Therefore, the parasympathetic function in the eye does not decline rapidly compared to other organs. Summary of other choices: B: Heart - Parasympathetic control of heart rate can decline rapidly due to factors like decreased acetylcholine release. C: Smooth muscle organs - Parasympathetic control of smooth muscle organs can also decline rapidly due to factors like receptor desensitization. D: Glands - Parasympathetic control of glands can

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Nondepolarizing blockers compete with depolarizing agents at the neuromuscular junction, reducing their effects. 2. Aminoglycosides can potentiate neuromuscular blockade. 3. Antiarrhythmic drugs can enhance neuromuscular blockade. 4. Local anesthetics can increase neuromuscular blockade. 5. Therefore, only nondepolarizing blockers do not increase the effects of depolarizing agents.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dobutamine. In cardiogenic shock, dobutamine is preferred due to its positive inotropic effects, which increase contractility and cardiac output. Epinephrine (A) has potent vasoconstrictive effects that may worsen coronary perfusion. Isoproterenol (C) can lead to tachycardia and worsen myocardial oxygen demand. Methoxamine (D) is a vasoconstrictor and may further decrease cardiac output in cardiogenic shock. In summary, dobutamine is preferred for cardiogenic shock due to its positive inotropic effects without significant vasoconstriction or tachycardia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because pindolol and oxprenolol are both partial agonists at beta-adrenergic receptors. This means they have intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. This property sets them apart from other beta blockers that do not have partial agonist activity. A: They are nonselective beta antagonists - True, they block both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. C: They are less likely to cause bradycardia and abnormalities in plasma lipids - True, due to their partial agonist activity. D: They are effective in hypertension and angina - True, they are used for these conditions.