The sites of constrictions of the ureter does not include:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ureter constricts at pelvi-ureteric junction, iliac artery crossing (not gonadal), and intramural/bladder entry not ischial spine (pelvic landmark). This distinguishes ureteral anatomy, key for stone lodging, contrasting with skeletal misplacement.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Type I RTA (distal) features profound hypocitraturia low citrate from acidosis promotes calcium stone formation, key factor. Calcium phosphate, not oxalate, dominates due to high urine pH wrong composition. Findings show hypokalemia and hyperchloremia, not hyperkalemia/hypochloremia electrolyte error. Proximal HCO₃ defect is Type II, not I distal H secretion fails. Hypocitraturia's role distinguishes Type I stone risk, critical for its pathophysiology, unlike stone type, labs, or segment errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mycobacterium avium intracellulare is non-tuberculous opportunistic, not TB-complex (e.g., lungs, not GU focus). Bovis, microti, and africanum are TB-complex cause tuberculosis, including GUTB. Avium intracellulare affects immunocompromised, not typical TB pathology. Non-TB status distinguishes it, key to mycobacterial classification, unlike TB-causing species.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Posterior lamella of lumbodorsal fascia covers, not separates, erector spinae from quadratus lumborum middle layer does that, incorrect. Layers merge near 12th rib true anatomy. Anterolateral fusion with transversus abdominis holds correct. Spinous origin of posterior lamella is accurate structural base. Separation error distinguishes incorrect statement, key to fascial anatomy, unlike true descriptions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hypoechoic on renal ultrasound means darker than surroundings less echo reflection (e.g., cysts). Brighter is hyperechoic dense tissue. Black without echoes is anechoic fluid-filled. Same as liver (isoechoic) varies kidney-specific. Darker hypoechoic appearance distinguishes it, critical for identifying lesions, unlike bright, fluid, or neutral patterns.