The site of origin of Randall plaques in idiopathic stone formers is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Randall plaques, linked to idiopathic calcium stones, originate at the basement membrane of thin loops of Henle calcium phosphate deposits form here, eroding into the papilla, nucleating stones. Proximal tubule handles reabsorption, not plaque formation wrong segment. Terminal collecting ducts manage urine concentration, not initial plaque sites distal process. Medullary interstitium surrounds tubules but isn't the precise origin too vague. Thin loop basement membrane's role distinguishes it, key to early stone pathogenesis in hypercalciuria, unlike other renal regions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Vacuum erection devices (VED) excel in soft glans syndrome engorge glans via negative pressure, aiding rigidity. Post-priapism fibrosis limits VED efficacy poor response. Peyronie's curvature complicates device use painful. Veno-occlusive issues need outflow correction, not just VED less ideal. Soft glans benefit distinguishes VED, key to specific ED management, unlike fibrotic, curved, or outflow cases.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Seminal vesicles arise from the Wolffian (mesonephric) duct in males mesodermal, androgen-driven. Prostate develops from urogenital sinus endodermal. Urachus is allantois-derived fetal remnant. Urethra forms from urogenital sinus mixed origin. Wolffian-derived seminal vesicles distinguish them, critical for male reproductive anatomy, unlike sinus or remnant structures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Ureteroureterostomy with DJ stent repairs ureteral transection excises damaged ends, anastomoses, and stents for healing, addressing clear fluid (urine). Observation risks leak/fistula unacceptable. Stent alone won't fix complete cut temporary. Cutaneous ureterostomy is last resort avoidable here. Immediate repair distinguishes it, critical for restoring continuity, unlike passive or palliative options.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Stress incontinence is commonest at 40 pelvic floor weakening (e.g., childbirth) leaks with pressure (cough). Urgency (overactivity) rises later age-related. Mixed combines both less frequent alone. Continuous suggests fistula rare. Stress's prevalence distinguishes it, critical for midlife women, unlike urgency, combined, or structural causes.