The secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland suppresses further secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland. What is this interaction called?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Negative feedback control. This interaction is a classic example of negative feedback control in the endocrine system. Cortisol inhibits the release of ACTH, which in turn reduces the stimulation of cortisol production, creating a feedback loop to maintain hormonal balance. Choice A, cerebral lateralization, refers to the specialization of brain function. Choice B, circadian rhythm, pertains to the 24-hour biological cycle. Choice C, cellular differentiation, involves the process of cells becoming specialized for specific functions. Thus, the correct answer is D because it accurately describes the feedback mechanism at play in the cortisol-ACTH interaction.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct: 1. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. 2. It plays a key role in regulating electrolyte balance, specifically sodium and potassium levels. 3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. 4. This hormone helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: - Choice B (functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels): Aldosterone does not play a significant role in blood glucose regulation. - Choice C (stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium): This statement is partially true, but aldosterone actually stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. - Choice D (All is applicable): While aldosterone has various functions, not all statements apply to its actions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because Cushing syndrome is typically caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, which can result from steroid therapy like prednisone. This leads to symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness. Adrenal insufficiency (B) is actually the opposite condition. Cushing syndrome is characterized by hyperglycemia and increased blood volume, making choices C incorrect. Growth hormone is not a primary treatment for Cushing syndrome, making choice D incorrect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct answer: A (ADH) Rationale: 1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, leading to decreased urine output. 2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands, not the kidneys. 3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to regulate electrolyte balance, not directly affecting urine volume. 4. Oxytocin primarily functions in uterine contractions and milk ejection, not in kidney function.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice A being correct: 1. Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar due to insufficient insulin to regulate glucose levels. 2. Glucosuria is the presence of glucose in urine, indicating excess blood sugar not being reabsorbed. 3. Polyuria is increased urine production due to osmotic diuresis from excess glucose in the urine. 4. Acidosis results from the breakdown of fats in the absence of sufficient glucose utilization. 5. All these symptoms align with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, where insulin deficiency leads to these metabolic disturbances. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: B: Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to inadequate ADH, not hyperglycemia. C: Hormone-secreting tumor of beta cells would lead to hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia. D: ADH deficiency would result in dilute urine and electrolyte imbalances