The risk for development of respiratory distress syndrome RDS increases with the following conditions EXCEPT

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is A) prolonged rupture of membranes. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a condition primarily affecting premature infants due to immature lungs. Prolonged rupture of membranes can lead to infection, not directly increasing the risk for RDS. Maternal diabetes (option B) can lead to fetal macrosomia, increasing the risk for RDS due to the larger size of the baby's chest relative to lung development. Multiple births (option C) can result in premature delivery, which is a significant risk factor for RDS. Cold stress (option D) can exacerbate RDS in preterm infants due to increased metabolic demands to maintain body temperature. In an educational context, understanding the risk factors for RDS is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for premature infants. By knowing that prolonged rupture of membranes does not directly increase the risk for RDS, nurses can focus on monitoring and managing other significant risk factors like prematurity, maternal diabetes, multiple births, and cold stress to provide optimal care for at-risk infants.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding risk factors for significant jaundice in newborns is crucial for early identification and management. In this question, the correct answer is B) male gender. Male gender is not a protective factor for jaundice; in fact, male newborns have a slightly increased risk compared to females. This is due to factors such as increased red blood cell mass and higher rates of bruising during birth in males. A) Gestational age ≥41 weeks is associated with decreased risk as these babies have more fully developed liver function to process bilirubin. C) Exclusive bottle-feeding is a risk factor for jaundice as breastfed babies are less likely to develop significant jaundice due to the composition of breast milk aiding in the excretion of bilirubin. D) Discharge from the hospital after 72 hours is associated with decreased risk as it allows for monitoring of jaundice development and timely interventions if needed. In an educational context, this question highlights the importance of recognizing risk factors for jaundice in newborns to provide appropriate care and interventions. Understanding these factors can help nurses in assessing, monitoring, and managing jaundice effectively in the pediatric population.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question regarding abnormally short cords, the correct answer is A) Fetal hypotonia. This is because an abnormally short cord is primarily associated with decreased fetal movement and positioning rather than with fetal hypotonia. An abnormally short cord can lead to complications during labor and delivery due to limitations in fetal movement and positioning caused by the shortened cord. Option B) Wrapping around fetal parts can be a potential consequence of an abnormally short cord, as the limited length may increase the likelihood of the cord wrapping around the fetus, potentially leading to cord compression and compromising fetal well-being. Option C) Uterine constraint is also a possible consequence of an abnormally short cord, as the reduced length may restrict fetal movement within the uterus, which can impact the progress of labor and delivery. Option D) Oligohydramnios is not directly associated with abnormally short cords. Oligohydramnios refers to a deficiency of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus and is typically caused by issues such as fetal renal abnormalities or post-term pregnancy, rather than being directly related to the length of the umbilical cord. In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the implications of an abnormally short cord is crucial for providing safe and effective care to neonates and infants. Nurses must be knowledgeable about potential complications related to cord length and how to monitor for signs of fetal distress during labor and delivery. This knowledge helps nurses intervene promptly to ensure the best outcomes for both the mother and the newborn.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Intrapartum antibiotics are administered to pregnant women to reduce the risk of transmitting Group B Streptococcus (GBS) to their newborns during labor. The correct answer, option D, "Reduce the rates of late-onset GBS disease," is accurate because intrapartum antibiotics have been shown to decrease the occurrence of late-onset GBS disease in newborns. This is a critical benefit as late-onset GBS disease can lead to serious complications in infants. Option A, "Reduce vertical transmission of GBS," is incorrect because intrapartum antibiotics are primarily aimed at reducing horizontal transmission during labor rather than vertical transmission from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Option B, "Lessen neonatal morbidity after preterm rupture of membranes," is incorrect as intrapartum antibiotics are not specifically indicated for this purpose but rather to prevent GBS transmission. Option C, "Prevent perinatal transmission of GBS," is also incorrect as the primary goal of intrapartum antibiotics is to prevent neonatal GBS infection during labor and delivery rather than perinatal transmission. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind the use of intrapartum antibiotics in preventing neonatal GBS infection is crucial for pediatric nurses. It highlights the importance of timely administration of antibiotics to reduce the risk of late-onset GBS disease in newborns, emphasizing the need for evidence-based practice to enhance maternal and neonatal outcomes. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about the indications, benefits, and potential outcomes of intrapartum antibiotic therapy to provide safe and effective care to mothers and newborns during labor and delivery.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Exposure to glucocorticoids during the first week of life. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal emergency in preterm infants. Glucocorticoids given during the first week of life can impair the immune response and increase the risk of developing NEC. This is due to the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids, making infants more susceptible to infections and inflammation in the gut. Option A) Delivery by cesarean section is not the most important risk factor for NEC. While it may contribute to alterations in gut microbiota, it is not as significant as exposure to glucocorticoids. Option B) Breastfeeding is actually protective against NEC due to the presence of beneficial bacteria and antibodies in breast milk that help prevent infections and inflammation in the gut. Option C) Apgar score, which assesses the newborn's condition at birth, is not directly linked to the development of NEC. While a low Apgar score may indicate potential health issues, it is not the primary risk factor for NEC. In an educational context, understanding the risk factors for NEC is crucial for healthcare providers working with preterm infants. By recognizing the impact of glucocorticoid exposure on the development of NEC, healthcare professionals can take preventive measures and monitor at-risk infants closely to reduce the incidence and severity of this life-threatening condition.