The right atrium myocytes secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) when there is increased plasma volume. What actions does ANP take to produce a large volume of dilute urine?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibits renin. ANP inhibits renin release, which leads to decreased aldosterone secretion. This results in decreased reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys, promoting excretion of sodium and water, ultimately producing a large volume of dilute urine. Summary: B: Increases ADH - ANP actually opposes the action of ADH, which promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys. C: Inhibits angiotensin II action - ANP does inhibit the action of angiotensin II, but this does not directly lead to the production of dilute urine. D: Decreases sodium excretion - ANP actually increases sodium excretion by inhibiting renin and aldosterone, leading to decreased reabsorption of sodium.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Urine for culture and sensitivity. This test is required for a diagnosis of pyelonephritis as it helps identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determines the most effective antibiotic treatment. Renal biopsy (A) is not typically required for diagnosing pyelonephritis. Blood culture (B) may be helpful in severe cases but is not specific for pyelonephritis. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) (C) is a radiological test used to visualize the urinary tract but does not confirm the diagnosis of pyelonephritis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Calcium oxalate. This type of urinary tract calculi is the most common because calcium oxalate crystals are frequently formed due to various factors such as high dietary intake of oxalate-rich foods. These crystals can easily aggregate and form calculi that often obstruct the ureter due to their size and shape. Cystine calculi (A) are rare and usually seen in patients with genetic disorders. Uric acid calculi (B) are common in patients with gout or acidic urine but are not the most frequent type. Calcium phosphate calculi (D) can form in conditions of alkaline urine but are less common than calcium oxalate calculi.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because in the Injury stage of AKI, the priority is to maintain fluid balance and prevent further kidney damage. IV fluid administration helps improve renal perfusion, while furosemide helps manage fluid overload. A: Assessing daily weight is important but not the first priority in the Injury stage. C: IV insulin and sodium bicarbonate are not typically indicated in the initial treatment of AKI. D: Urinalysis is important for diagnostics but not the first intervention in the Injury stage.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Less protein loss. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) occurs continuously, allowing for a slower and gentler removal of waste products, leading to less protein loss compared to the intermittent nature of hemodialysis (HD). This is because PD uses the peritoneal membrane as a filter, which is more gentle on proteins. Rapid fluid removal (B) is actually an advantage of HD, as it can quickly remove excess fluids. Less cardiovascular stress (C) is not a specific advantage of PD over HD, as both types of dialysis can impact cardiovascular health. Decreased hyperlipidemia (D) is not a direct advantage of PD over HD.