The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ________.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Renal columns (cortex extensions) separate pyramids not medulla, calyces, or 'medullary cortices.' This defines anatomy, key for structure, contrasting with incorrect terms.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: No aquaporins in collecting ducts prevent water reabsorption, causing dehydration not edema, Na+ retention, or vitamin loss. This links ADH to water, critical for balance, contrasting with retention.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Oliguria is low urine output (<400 mL/day) not pyuria (pus), enuresis (incontinence), or diuresis (excess). This defines reduced flow, critical for renal assessment, contrasting with other terms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Kidneys release EPO, renin, and activate vitamin D not vitamin E (dietary). This corrects renal functions, critical for physiology, contrasting with nutritional roles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: ANP inhibits aldosterone/ADH, reducing water/Na+ reabsorption all apply. This defines natriuretic effect, key for volume reduction, contrasting with single actions.