The reason why the right kidney is slightly lower than the left is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Liver on right displaces right kidney not heart, size differences. This explains asymmetry, key for anatomy, contrasting with organ size myths.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Glomerular filtrate has much less protein than plasma filtration membrane (e.g., podocytes, basement) excludes large proteins (e.g., albumin), unlike plasma's ~7 g/dL. Glucose is present reabsorbed later. Sodium levels are similar freely filtered. More proteins would defy filtration incorrect. Lower protein content distinguishes it, key to filtrate's composition, unlike glucose or sodium errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sodium is mostly reabsorbed by primary active transport Na /K -ATPase pumps it from tubular cells to blood (e.g., PCT ~65%). Passive diffusion occurs minimally gradient-driven. Secondary active transport aids co-transport (e.g., glucose) not primary. Facilitated diffusion lacks energy insufficient. Active pumping distinguishes it, key to sodium gradient creation, unlike passive or co-transport mechanisms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Afferent/efferent denervation (e.g., cauda equina injury) causes a hypertonic, spasmatic bladder intrinsic smooth muscle overacts, periodic uncontrolled micturition. Sensation loss alone is afferent tonic. Normal reflex needs nerves false. Increased sensation contradicts denervation. Hypertonicity distinguishes it, key to dual nerve loss, unlike single or intact scenarios.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Increased glomerular capillary filtration coefficient (Kf) boosts GFR enhances filtration surface/permeability (e.g., Starling forces). Afferent resistance increase lowers flow drops GFR. Efferent resistance decrease reduces pressure lowers GFR. Capsular pressure increase opposes decreases GFR. Kf's enhancement distinguishes it, critical for filtration capacity, unlike resistance or pressure shifts.