The reabsorption of water from the Loop of Henle depends on the movement of ______ out of the tubule.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Water reabsorption from Loop of Henle (descending) depends on NaCl movement out e.g., thick ascending pumps create gradient (~1200 mOsm). Acid is distal not Loop. Glucose is PCT not here. Uric acid is minor not gradient driver. NaCl's role distinguishes it, critical for countercurrent, unlike other solutes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pyelonephritis is kidney infection e.g., bacterial ascent (pelvis/nephrons). Cystitis is bladder not kidney. Urethritis is urethra lower. Hypertension is BP not infection. Pyelonephritis's site distinguishes it, key to renal pathology, unlike lower tract or unrelated conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Alcohol is the key diuretic inhibiting ADH suppresses pituitary release (e.g., increases urine output). Water dilutes plasma stimulates ADH. Vitamin B₁₂ is metabolic not diuretic. Na influences reabsorption not ADH directly. Alcohol's ADH block distinguishes it, critical for diuresis, unlike dilution or unrelated factors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells have the most mitochondria e.g., fuel Na /K ATPase for 65% reabsorption. Skeletal muscle has many less than PCT. Liver is metabolic not reabsorptive. Cardiac muscle sustains beating less dense. PCT's energy demand distinguishes it, key to reabsorption, unlike muscle or liver cells.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Glomerular filtrate lacks formed elements (RBCs, WBCs) and proteins (albumin) e.g., filtered by glomerular pores. pH matches plasma ~7.4. Glucose is equal reabsorbed later. Albumin/globulins alone omits cells partial. Full exclusion distinguishes it, key to filtration selectivity, unlike pH or partial differences.