The psychodynamic model proposes that simple phobia is due to

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) anger towards a person's mother or father that is transferred to an object, animal, or situation. According to the psychodynamic model, simple phobia is believed to stem from unresolved conflicts that are unconsciously transferred onto external objects or situations. This theory suggests that the fear associated with simple phobias is a result of repressed emotions, often related to early childhood experiences and relationships with primary caregivers. Option A) unresolved physiological trauma does not align with the psychodynamic model's perspective on the origins of simple phobias. Simple phobias are not typically linked to physiological trauma but rather to psychological conflicts. Option B) innate biological and genetic factors do not fit the psychodynamic model's emphasis on unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts from childhood shaping phobias. Option C) unresolved conflicts that emerge during the phallic stage of development specifically refer to Freud's psychosexual stages and are not directly linked to the development of simple phobias in the psychodynamic model. In an educational context, understanding the psychodynamic model's view on simple phobias can provide valuable insights into how unconscious processes and early life experiences can influence the development of psychological disorders. It highlights the importance of exploring past relationships and emotions in therapy to uncover and address the root causes of phobias, offering a comprehensive approach to treatment and understanding of these disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Allostasis is a critical concept in understanding how the body maintains stability in response to stressors. The correct answer is C) brain directs the body to maintain stability by adapting to changes caused by stressors. This is because allostasis involves the brain constantly assessing the body's internal and external environment, anticipating changes, and initiating adaptive responses to maintain stability. Option A is incorrect because allostasis aims to maintain stability by adapting, not depleting resources. Option B is incorrect as the brain does not reject stressors but rather works to adapt to them. Option D is incorrect as it is the brain that primarily coordinates the body's response to stressors, not the other way around. Educationally, understanding allostasis is crucial in nursing as it forms the basis for comprehending how chronic stress can lead to psychobiologic disorders. By grasping the concept of allostasis, nurses can better care for patients experiencing stress-related health issues and implement appropriate interventions to promote health and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because a PET scan, or positron-emission tomography, is a type of scan that uses a radioactive substance to show blood flow and brain activity. This is important in diagnosing conditions like schizophrenia. Choice A is incorrect because it describes an MRI, not a PET scan. Choice C describes an EEG, not a PET scan. Choice D describes a CT scan, not a PET scan.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reduced anxiety. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps calm and relax the nervous system. By potentiating its action, the medication would increase GABA's calming effects, leading to reduced anxiety. Choice B (Improved memory) is incorrect as GABA's role is not directly related to memory enhancement. Choice C (More organized thinking) is incorrect as GABA primarily affects mood and anxiety, not cognitive processes. Choice D (Fewer sensory perceptual alterations) is incorrect as GABA modulation would not directly impact sensory perceptions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: increased concentration of the blocked neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap. When neurotransmitter inhibitors block reuptake, they prevent the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron, leading to more neurotransmitters remaining in the synaptic gap. This increased concentration enhances neurotransmission and can help alleviate symptoms associated with neurotransmitter deficiencies. A: decreased concentration of the blocked neurotransmitter in the central nervous system - This is incorrect because blocking reuptake leads to an increased concentration of neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap, not a decrease in the central nervous system. C: destruction of receptor sites specific to the blocked neurotransmitter - This is incorrect because blocking reuptake does not affect receptor sites; it primarily impacts the reuptake process. D: limbic system stimulation - This is incorrect because blocking reuptake does not directly stimulate the limbic system; its primary effect is on neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic gap.