The proper use of the principles of body mechanics:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because body mechanics aim to prevent injury to both the client and the nurse by promoting proper positioning, lifting techniques, and movement. This helps reduce strain on muscles and joints, decreasing the risk of injury for both parties. Choice A is incorrect because body mechanics benefit both the client and the nurse, not just the client. Choice B is incorrect as it only focuses on protecting the nurse, which is not the sole purpose of proper body mechanics. Choice D is incorrect because while using proper body mechanics can help prevent injuries and potential legal issues, its primary goal is to ensure the safety and well-being of both the client and the nurse.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall utility or usefulness, which can be subjective and vary among individuals in a diverse community. This diversity can lead to disagreements on what is considered useful, making it challenging to find agreement on a definition of usefulness. Therefore, applying utilitarianism may not always resolve ethical dilemmas in such contexts. A: This statement is incorrect as utilitarianism does not solely eliminate the need to discuss spiritual values but rather emphasizes maximizing overall utility. C: This statement is incorrect as laws do not necessarily prohibit the application of utilitarianism, but rather the complexity of ethical dilemmas may not always be easily resolved through this approach. D: This statement is incorrect as utilitarianism aims to address difficult ethical decisions by evaluating the usefulness of different options.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Assess the client's level of consciousness. In ARDS, hypoxemia can lead to altered mental status. Assessing the client's level of consciousness is crucial for detecting any neurological changes and ensuring timely intervention. Monitoring urine output (B) is important for assessing renal function but is not a priority in ARDS. Turning the client every two hours (C) is a standard nursing intervention for preventing pressure ulcers but is not directly related to managing ARDS. Maintaining intravenous fluids as ordered (D) is important, but assessing the client's level of consciousness takes precedence in the care of a client with ARDS.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because diffuse bilateral infiltrates or 'white-out' appearance on a chest x-ray are classic findings in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) due to widespread alveolar damage and fluid accumulation. This pattern reflects severe impairment of gas exchange. Choice A is incorrect because unilateral infiltrates in the upper lobe are more indicative of conditions like pneumonia or lung cancer. Choice B is incorrect because cardiomegaly with pleural effusion suggests heart failure rather than ARDS. Choice D is incorrect because normal findings despite severe symptoms are not characteristic of ARDS, which presents with significant abnormalities on imaging due to the underlying lung injury.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because a PaO2 of 45 mm Hg indicates hypoxemia, a common feature of acute respiratory failure. In acute respiratory failure, the patient's lungs are unable to provide enough oxygen to meet the body's demands, leading to low oxygen levels in the blood. Shallow breathing (choice A) is a sign of respiratory distress but not specific to acute respiratory failure. A PaCO2 of 34 mm Hg (choice C) is within the normal range and would not indicate acute respiratory failure. A respiratory rate of 32/min (choice D) may indicate respiratory distress but alone is not sufficient to confirm acute respiratory failure.