The problem of overrating staff performance is called ___________ .

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Leniency error. This occurs when a rater consistently rates employees higher than deserved. This leads to inflated performance evaluations, hindering accurate assessment and feedback. Recency error (A) is when recent performance influences ratings. Absolute judgment (B) is when a rater uses the same rating scale for all employees. Halo error (C) is when one positive trait influences overall rating. In this case, leniency error best describes the problem of overrating staff performance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Job description. Job description is NOT an outcome of a job analysis. Job analysis is the process of gathering information about a job to identify its duties, responsibilities, and requirements. Job specification, option A, is an outcome of job analysis as it outlines the qualifications and skills needed for a job. Job evaluation, option B, is also an outcome of job analysis as it involves assessing the relative worth of different jobs in an organization. Job performance, option D, is indirectly influenced by job analysis as it helps in setting performance expectations. Only job description, option C, is not directly derived from the process of job analysis, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Role conflict. Role conflict occurs when there are conflicting demands from different roles a person holds. In this scenario, the staff nurse faces a conflict between her roles as a nurse and as a committee member due to the babysitter canceling. The nurse must now balance attending the meeting and finding alternative childcare. Intergroup conflict (A) involves conflicts between different groups, not roles. Perceived conflict (B) refers to the perception of conflict, not conflicting roles. Structural conflict (D) involves conflicts within an organization's structure, not conflicting roles.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Groupthink can cause negative effects on decision making among groups as it involves prioritizing harmony and conformity over critical evaluation of alternatives. This can lead to group members suppressing dissenting opinions and making hasty decisions without considering all perspectives. Rationalization, risky shift, and dialectical inquiry do not specifically focus on the negative impact of group dynamics on decision making like groupthink does.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Legitimate power. In this scenario, the nurse manager can utilize legitimate power, which comes from their position of authority within the organization. They can use their formal authority to resolve the conflict between the staff nurses and the physical therapy department by making decisions and enforcing policies. A: Connection and referent power are based on relationships and personal connections, which may not be as effective in this situation where formal authority is needed. B: Reward and punishment power may not be the most appropriate in resolving conflicts as it can lead to resentment and may not address the underlying issues. D: Information power is about having access to valuable information, which may be helpful but may not be the most effective in resolving conflicts that require formal authority.