The primary target of the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus is:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Anterior pituitary. Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus act on the anterior pituitary to regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. This interaction is known as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hormones released by the hypothalamus travel through the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary, where they stimulate or inhibit the release of specific pituitary hormones. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the primary target of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones is the anterior pituitary, not the liver & adipose tissue, gonads, or bone marrow.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing cortisol, a hormone that helps regulate various functions in the body, such as metabolism, immune response, and stress response. The testes (A) produce testosterone, the ovaries (B) produce estrogen and progesterone, and the hypothalamus (D) regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary gland but does not produce cortisol directly. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect in this context.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. The posterior pituitary stores and releases these hormones, which are produced in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is involved in uterine contractions and milk ejection, while antidiuretic hormone regulates water balance. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because human growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone are produced by the anterior pituitary, prolactin and follicle-stimulating hormone are produced by the anterior pituitary, and glucocorticoids and androgens are produced by the adrenal glands, respectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cardiac Arrest. High magnesium levels in renal failure can lead to cardiac arrest due to the inhibitory effect on neuromuscular transmission and cardiac muscle activity. Magnesium impairs calcium entry into cells, affecting muscle contraction, potentially leading to fatal arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Respiratory paralysis (B) is unlikely as magnesium does not directly affect respiratory muscles. Liver encephalopathy (C) is unrelated to high magnesium levels. Death from hemorrhage (D) is not a typical consequence of elevated magnesium levels in renal failure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because target cells respond to hormones by possessing specific receptors for that hormone. These receptors bind to the hormone, initiating a cellular response. Option A is incorrect as proximity to hormone-producing cells is not the reason for response. Option B is incorrect as target cells do not make the hormones they respond to. Option D is incorrect as not all cells respond to all hormones; only target cells with specific receptors do.