The presence of excess proteins in urine is called:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Proteinuria is excess protein in urine not glycosuria (glucose), hematuria (blood), or anuria (no urine). This identifies renal damage marker, key for diagnosis, contrasting with other findings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Proximal tubules have microvilli (brush border) for reabsorption not squamous (thin segment), continuous with collecting ducts (distal), or lacking basal lamina (present). This highlights reabsorption role, key for filtrate processing, contrasting with incorrect traits.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Glomerular endothelium is fenestrated without diaphragms not with; proximity, lamina, and barrier role are true. This corrects endothelial structure, key for filtration, contrasting with diaphragm misconception.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Facet cells (surface transitional epithelium) are cuboidal/binucleated and form an osmotic barrier all true. This describes bladder lining, critical for protection, contrasting with partial traits.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) have a brush border not collecting, loop, or DCT (few microvilli). This highlights reabsorption site, critical for filtrate processing, contrasting with other segments.