The presence of dysphagia suggests damage to cranial nerves:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus) are the correct answers because they are involved in the motor and sensory functions of the pharynx and larynx, which are essential for swallowing. Damage to these nerves disrupts the coordinated movements required for swallowing, leading to dysphagia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The resting membrane potential is primarily determined by the permeability of the cell membrane to potassium ions (K+), which is greater than its permeability to sodium ions (Na+). This is because the membrane has more leak channels for K+ than for Na+, allowing K+ to diffuse out of the cell, creating a negative intracellular environment. The Na+, K+ ATPase pump maintains this gradient but does not directly set the resting potential. Inhibition of the pump would eventually disrupt the gradient, but the potential does not immediately fall to zero.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.