The premature division of the ureteric bud most commonly results in:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Premature ureteric bud division causes duplex ureter (one kidney, two ureters) not hypertrophy, agenesis, cysts, or shared ureter. This reflects branching error, key for anomalies, contrasting with unrelated defects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Low blood supply triggers renin release JGA senses pressure drop (e.g., activates RAAS). Aldosterone is adrenal not kidney-produced. ANH from heart opposes retention. Water isn't released reabsorbed. Renin's response distinguishes it, key to restoring perfusion, unlike hormones or fluid missteps.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The urethra carries urine from bladder to outside final exit (e.g., males ~20 cm, females ~4 cm). Ureters deliver to bladder not outside. Renal pelvis collects not exits. Glomerulus filters not transports. Urethra's external role distinguishes it, key to voiding, unlike internal structures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) and plasma proteins (e.g., albumin) can't filter too large for glomerular barrier. Glucose filters reabsorbed later. Salts filter freely small ions. Formed elements/glucose mispairs glucose filters. Proteins/salts mix filterable/non-filterable wrong. Size exclusion distinguishes it, key to filtration selectivity, unlike mixed options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Water intake is fluid ingested (drinking), food ingested (e.g., fruits), metabolic processes (e.g., oxidation ~300 mL/day). Air inhaled adds minimal water negligible. Excluding food ignores solids wrong. Excluding metabolism omits internal false. Triple mechanism distinguishes it, key to hydration sources, unlike incomplete sets.