The posterior pituitary gland is sometimes called the neurohypophysis and it secretes which neurohormones?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) secretes ADH (water balance) and oxytocin (labor) hypothalamus-made, stored/released here, neurohormones. Calcitonin (thyroid) and PTH (parathyroid) regulate calcium, not posterior. Insulin/glucagon are pancreatic, not pituitary. Adrenaline (adrenal medulla) and cortisol (cortex) are adrenal, not neurohypophyseal. ADH-oxytocin pair distinguishes posterior pituitary, key to hypothalamic neural-endocrine link, unlike calcium, glucose, or adrenal hormones.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The pituitary forms from two germ layers: adenohypophysis from ectodermal oral epithelium (Rathke's pouch) and neurohypophysis from neural ectoderm (brain floor), integrating glandular and neural functions. Ovary and testis (gonads) derive from mesoderm and endoderm (germinal epithelium), not dual-layered uniquely. Thyroid arises from endoderm (pharyngeal floor), a single layer. Pituitary's dual origin enables diverse hormone production/storage, distinguishing it, critical for its hypothalamic-pituitary axis role.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Testosterone, an androgen from testes, isn't a pituitary hormone LH from the anterior pituitary stimulates its production. Growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin are anterior pituitary secretions, regulating growth, reproduction, and lactation. Testosterone's gonadal origin distinguishes it, dependent on pituitary signals, unlike direct pituitary products, key to endocrine hierarchy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary stimulates seminiferous tubule development in testes, promoting spermatogenesis. Prolactin aids lactation, not testes. ACTH targets adrenals for cortisol. LH stimulates testosterone from Leydig cells, not tubules directly. FSH's specific role in sperm production distinguishes it, essential for male fertility, unlike other pituitary hormones' functions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Type I diabetes features little/no insulin secretion due to beta-cell destruction, causing hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and dehydration without insulin therapy diet alone doesn't suffice. 'Dietary treatment may suffice' fits type II, not I. Hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis are true but incomplete alone. 'All' includes the false diet claim. Insulin absence distinguishes type I, requiring exogenous insulin, key to its autoimmune pathology, unlike manageable or partial truths.