The pneumoperitoneum pressure selected for performing Robotic and Laparoscopic procedures is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: 15 mm Hg is standard pneumoperitoneum pressure for robotic/laparoscopic procedures balances visibility and safety (e.g., renal surgery). 5 mm Hg is too low poor exposure. 10 mm Hg suits pediatrics insufficient for adults. 20 mm Hg risks hypercapnia/ischemia excessive. 15 mm Hg distinguishes it, critical for optimal operative field without undue risk, unlike under- or over-pressurized options.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Microvilli maximize surface area in the PCT for reabsorption, not loop or DCT (fewer). This specifies absorptive structure, key for efficiency, contrasting with minimal presence elsewhere.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Minor calyces collect urine from papillae first, before pelvis, ureter, or urethra. This identifies initial collection, key for urine flow, contrasting with downstream structures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Creatine isn't secreted (converted to creatinine), unlike creatinine, H+ (acid-base), and penicillin (drugs). This distinguishes secretion profile, key for excretion, contrasting with metabolized compounds.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Micturition reflex integrates in the sacral spinal cord (S2-S4), not medulla (respiration), hypothalamus (hormones), or lumbar (lower). This locates reflex center, key for bladder control, contrasting with higher regions.