The person with _____ is most likely to receive insulin therapy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia refers to high blood sugar levels, a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is commonly prescribed to individuals with diabetes to help regulate their blood sugar levels. Myxedema (choice A) is associated with hypothyroidism, Graves' disease (choice B) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid, and diabetes insipidus (choice C) involves the kidneys and has no direct relation to insulin therapy for diabetes. Therefore, hyperglycemia is the most appropriate condition for receiving insulin therapy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Prolactin is also called lactogenic hormone, as it promotes milk production in the mammary glands. 2. Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the posterior pituitary gland. 3. Milk let-down reflex is primarily controlled by oxytocin, not prolactin. 4. Prolactin does not stimulate the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) to synthesize oxytocin. Summary: Choice B is correct because it accurately describes the function of prolactin in promoting lactation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect due to inaccuracies in the functions and secretion of prolactin.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: PTH. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates osteoclastic activity, leading to bone resorption. PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. When calcium levels are low, PTH is released to stimulate the release of calcium from bones through osteoclast activity. A: Calcitonin actually inhibits osteoclastic activity, promoting bone formation. B: Androgen is a male sex hormone and does not directly influence bone resorption. D: Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism and does not directly affect bone resorption.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because beta cells of the islets of Langerhans are specialized pancreatic cells that secrete insulin, a hormone crucial for regulating blood sugar levels. Insulin helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood sugar levels. Choice A is incorrect because the hormone-secreting cells of the adrenal cortex are called adrenal cortical cells, not beta cells. Choice C is incorrect as releasing hormones are typically secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland. Choice D is incorrect because steroids are primarily secreted by the adrenal cortex, not the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Thyroid. The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat, just below the Adam's apple. It is responsible for producing thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and various bodily functions. The pituitary gland (A) is located in the brain, the pineal gland (B) is located in the brain as well, and the hypothalamus (C) is also in the brain. These glands play crucial roles in hormone regulation, but they are not located at the base of the throat like the thyroid gland.