The pediatric nurse advises a parent how to best convey the circumstances surrounding the sudden death of an 18-month-old patient to a four-year-old sibling. The nurse anticipates that the sibling:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Young children often struggle with understanding death and may internalize feelings of guilt, believing they had a role in the event.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Voluntary release is a key milestone in visuomotor coordination at this age.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hypospadias is a congenital condition where the opening of the urethra is located on the underside of the penis instead of the tip. If a child is born with hypospadias, circumcision should be avoided. Circumcision involves removing part of the foreskin, which can cause complications for children with hypospadias, such as affecting future surgical repair procedures or worsening the hypospadias itself. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid circumcision in children with hypospadias.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most common congenital heart disease is Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). VSD is a heart condition present at birth where there is a hole in the wall (septum) separating the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). This hole allows oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow and potentially causing complications such as pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. VSD can be classified as an acyanotic heart defect with a left to right shunt. Treatment options for VSD include monitoring, medications, and in some cases, surgical intervention.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. One of its primary functions is to retain sodium in the body, leading to increased reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys. This retention of sodium helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance. In contrast, other hormones like antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily regulate water reabsorption, while thyroid hormone and insulin do not have a direct role in retaining sodium in the body.