ATI RN
Chapter 14 Nutrition and Fluid Balance Answer Key Questions
Question 1 of 5
The patient with long-term obstructive pulmonary disease has a pH of 7, HCO3- of 18 mEq/L, and a PaCO2 of 40 mm Hg. These laboratory values are consistent with which acid-base imbalance?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The given pH, HCO3-, and PaCO2 values indicate metabolic acidosis. The low pH and HCO3- suggest acidemia and metabolic acidosis, respectively. The normal PaCO2 rules out respiratory acidosis/alkalosis. In metabolic acidosis, the kidneys cannot adequately excrete acids, leading to decreased HCO3-. Respiratory alkalosis/metabolic alkalosis involve high pH or HCO3- levels, which are not present here. Therefore, the correct answer is D: Metabolic acidosis.
Question 2 of 5
The nurse explains to the 85-year-old patient with a temperature that, with each degree of fever, the body loses _____% of water.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (10%). For every degree increase in body temperature, the metabolic rate increases, leading to increased water loss through perspiration and respiration. This results in dehydration. A 10% water loss is a common estimate for the body's response to fever-induced increased metabolic activity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the significant impact of fever on water loss in the body.
Question 3 of 5
A normal urine output is considered to be
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (1 to 2 L/day) because it reflects the normal range of urine output in adults, which is typically around 1 to 2 liters per day. This range ensures adequate elimination of waste products while maintaining proper hydration levels. A (80 to 125 mL/min) is incorrect because it represents an hourly output rather than a daily output, and it is too low for a normal daily urine output. B (180 L/day) is incorrect as it is an extremely high value that does not align with normal physiological urine production rates. C (80 mL/min) is also incorrect because it is too low for a normal urine output and is not representative of the typical daily volume.
Question 4 of 5
The nurse is caring for a patient who has undergone major abdominal surgery. The nurse notices that the patient's urine output has been less than 20 mL/hour for the past 2 hours. The patient's blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, and the pulse is 110 beats/min. Previously, the pulse was 90 beats/min with a blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg. The nurse should
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: contact the provider and expect a prescription for a normal saline bolus. The patient is showing signs of hypovolemia, indicated by decreased urine output, tachycardia, and hypotension. Administering a normal saline bolus can help restore intravascular volume and improve perfusion. Waiting for the provider to make rounds (choice B) can delay necessary intervention. Continuing to evaluate urine output (choice C) without addressing the underlying issue of hypovolemia can worsen the patient's condition. Ignoring the urine output (choice D) is not appropriate as it can lead to serious complications.
Question 5 of 5
Which of the following patients is at the greatest risk of developing acute kidney injury? A patient who
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the patient who was discharged 2 weeks earlier after aminoglycoside therapy is at the greatest risk of developing acute kidney injury. Aminoglycosides are known nephrotoxic drugs, and prolonged exposure increases the risk of kidney damage. The 2-week course followed by discharge indicates a high cumulative dose, which further elevates the risk. Choice A is incorrect because although aminoglycosides are nephrotoxic, a shorter duration of therapy compared to the patient in choice C reduces the risk. Choice B is incorrect as controlled hypertension with a blood pressure of 138/88 mm Hg does not directly increase the risk of acute kidney injury. Choice D is incorrect because while fluid overload can strain the kidneys, the direct nephrotoxic effects of aminoglycosides in choice C pose a higher immediate risk.