The patient is transferring from another facility with the description of a sore on her sacrum that is deep enough to see the muscle. What stage of pressure ulcer does the nurse expect to see on admission?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Stage IV. A Stage IV pressure ulcer involves full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures. In the case described, where the sore on the sacrum is deep enough to expose muscle, it indicates severe tissue damage characteristic of a Stage IV pressure ulcer. Option A) Stage I is incorrect because Stage I pressure ulcers involve non-blanchable redness of intact skin. Option B) Stage II is incorrect as it involves partial-thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and possibly the dermis. Option C) Stage III is incorrect as it involves full-thickness skin loss extending into the subcutaneous tissue but not muscle or bone. Educationally, understanding the stages of pressure ulcers is crucial for healthcare providers, especially nurses, to provide appropriate care and interventions to prevent and manage these wounds effectively. Recognizing the severity of a pressure ulcer helps in determining the necessary treatment and care plan to promote healing and prevent complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Interferon plays a crucial role in the body's defense against viruses by inducing the production of antiviral proteins in cells that prevent viral replication. This is the correct answer (Option C) because interferons are signaling proteins released by cells in response to viral infections, alerting neighboring cells to heighten their antiviral defenses. By stimulating the production of these antiviral proteins, interferon helps to limit the spread of viruses within the body. Option A is incorrect because interferon does not directly attack and destroy virus-infected cells. Option B is incorrect as interferon does not primarily work by activating phagocytes (cells that engulf and digest pathogens). Option D is also incorrect as interferon is not produced by virus-infected cells to prevent viral transmission but rather by healthy cells in response to viral presence. In an educational context, understanding how interferon functions in the immune system is essential for grasping the body's defense mechanisms against viral infections. By learning about the role of interferon in inducing an antiviral state in cells, students can appreciate the intricate ways in which the immune system combats pathogens. This knowledge is crucial for healthcare professionals in fields such as pharmacology to utilize interferon-based therapies effectively in treating various immune system disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of immune system disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis, the correct answer is C) Type III or immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction. This type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the formation of antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Option A) Type I hypersensitivity is more related to allergies and immediate hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE antibodies, not typically seen in these disorders. Option B) Type II hypersensitivity involves cytotoxic reactions where antibodies target specific cells for destruction, which is not the primary mechanism in these conditions. Option D) Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed response involving T cells rather than circulating antibodies and is more commonly associated with conditions like contact dermatitis or organ transplant rejection, not typically seen in rheumatoid arthritis or acute glomerulonephritis. Understanding the different types of hypersensitivity reactions is crucial in pharmacology to appropriately manage immune system disorders and select the most effective treatment strategies. Recognizing the specific type of immune response involved can guide the choice of pharmacological interventions, such as anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants, tailored to each patient's condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and immune system disorders related to acute transplant rejection, the correct answer is D) The recipient’s T cytotoxic lymphocytes attack the foreign organ. This is because acute transplant rejection involves the recipient's immune system recognizing the transplanted organ as foreign and mounting an immune response against it, primarily through the activation of T cytotoxic lymphocytes. Option A) Treatment is supportive is incorrect because acute transplant rejection typically requires immediate medical intervention beyond just supportive care, such as immunosuppressive medications. Option B) Only occurs with transplanted kidneys is incorrect because acute transplant rejection can occur with any transplanted organ, not just kidneys. Option C) Organ must be removed when it occurs is incorrect because not all cases of acute transplant rejection require the removal of the organ; prompt medical treatment can often reverse the rejection process and salvage the transplanted organ. Educational context: Understanding the mechanisms of acute transplant rejection is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in caring for transplant patients. Knowledge of how the immune system responds to foreign organs and the role of T cytotoxic lymphocytes in rejection is essential for proper management and treatment of transplant recipients. Immunology and pharmacology play key roles in preventing and managing acute transplant rejection episodes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) "I will follow the directions for taking the antibiotic so I will get over this infection." This response indicates understanding of the importance of completing the full course of antibiotics as prescribed. This is crucial to ensure the infection is completely eradicated, reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance. Option A is incorrect because stopping antibiotics early can lead to incomplete treatment and potential antibiotic resistance. Option B is incorrect as antibiotics are not effective against viral infections like the common cold. Option C is also incorrect as saving antibiotics for future use can lead to inappropriate self-medication and the development of resistance. In an educational context, it is vital to emphasize the proper use of antibiotics to prevent resistance. Educating patients on the importance of adherence to prescribed regimens helps maintain the effectiveness of antibiotics for future infections. Understanding these concepts empowers patients to be active participants in their healthcare and promotes responsible antibiotic use.