The patient is prescribed an ACE inhibitor. What primary mechanism of ACE inhibitors will the nurse understand as the therapeutic action?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). By inhibiting ACE, the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II is blocked. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands. Aldosterone is a hormone that acts on the kidneys to increase reabsorption of sodium and water, leading to increased blood volume and pressure. By inhibiting aldosterone secretion, ACE inhibitors reduce blood volume and lower blood pressure, making them effective in treating hypertension and heart failure.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Acetaminophen overdose is hepatotoxic and can cause severe liver damage, leading to liver failure if not treated promptly. The liver metabolizes acetaminophen into a toxic metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which depletes glutathione stores and causes cellular damage. Early administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is critical to prevent irreversible liver damage. While kidney injury can occur, it is less common than liver damage.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Iron supplements are known to commonly cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as constipation, upset stomach, and nausea. Constipation is a common side effect of iron supplements due to the way iron can harden the stool and slow down bowel movements. Upset stomach and nausea can occur because iron supplements can irritate the stomach lining, leading to discomfort and feelings of queasiness. It is important for individuals taking iron supplements to be aware of these potential side effects and to speak with their healthcare provider if they are experiencing severe or persistent symptoms.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Milrinone and furosemide are two medications that are known to interact when mixed together in the same intravenous line. Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that works to increase cardiac contractility and output, while furosemide is a loop diuretic used to promote diuresis. When mixed together, the pH level of the solution can become altered, leading to potential precipitation or inactivation of one or both drugs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A solution is a liquid preparation that contains one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent. The solute (chemical substance) is evenly dispersed and mixed with the solvent, resulting in a homogenous mixture. Solutions are commonly used in medicine for oral administration, injections, topical treatments, and various other applications due to their ability to provide accurate dosing and rapid absorption into the body. decoction is a liquid derived from boiling plant material, fluid extract is a concentrated liquid extract of a substance, spirits are alcoholic solutions, and syrup is a viscous solution containing sugar.