ATI RN
Chapter 14 Nutrition and Fluid Balance Questions
Question 1 of 5
The patient is getting hemodialysis for the second time when he complains of a headache
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because dialysis disequilibrium syndrome is a complication that can occur during hemodialysis, presenting with symptoms like headache due to rapid changes in electrolyte levels and osmolarity. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Symptoms mentioned are not specific to dialyzer membrane incompatibility. B: Shift in potassium levels might cause symptoms like muscle weakness or cardiac arrhythmias, not specifically headache. C: A shift in potassium levels is not the primary cause of a headache during hemodialysis.
Question 2 of 5
The largest percentage of water is located in which 'compartment'?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: intracellular fluid. This is because approximately 2/3 of the body's water is found within the cells (intracellular fluid), making it the largest compartment. Synovial fluid (A) is found in joints, plasma (B) is the liquid part of blood, and interstitial fluid (C) is the fluid between cells. While all compartments play important roles, intracellular fluid contains the majority of the body's water.
Question 3 of 5
Which of these situations happens when water is lost from the ECF but electrolytes are retained?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because when water is lost from the ECF but electrolytes are retained, the osmolarity of the ECF increases. This creates an osmotic gradient for water to move from the ICF to the ECF through osmosis, in an attempt to balance the osmolarity between the two compartments. This results in an increase in the volume of the ECF and a decrease in the volume of the ICF. Choices B and C are incorrect because the ECF becomes more concentrated, not dilute, and the osmolarity of the ECF increases instead of dropping. Choice D is incorrect as there is no direct relationship between water loss from the ECF and an increase in the volume of the ICF.
Question 4 of 5
When does the amount of H+ generated from CO2 increase?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because when the rate of CO2 removal by the lungs is less than the rate of CO2 production by the tissues, more CO2 accumulates in the body. This excess CO2 leads to an increase in carbonic acid formation, which then dissociates into H+ ions and bicarbonate ions. Therefore, the amount of H+ generated from CO2 increases in this scenario. Choice A is incorrect because protein catabolism and anabolism are not directly related to the generation of H+ from CO2. Choice B is incorrect as a slower rate of protein catabolism compared to anabolism does not impact CO2 levels and H+ generation. Choice C is incorrect because a higher rate of CO2 removal by the lungs would lead to a decrease in CO2 levels, resulting in less H+ generation.
Question 5 of 5
A patient has been diagnosed with a brain tumor that cannot be removed surgically. During each office visit, the nurse will be assessing the patient for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which of the following assessments would alert the clinic nurse that the patient may be developing this complication?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Complaints that his urine output is decreased, no edema noted in ankles, and increasing headache. Rationale: 1. Decreased urine output: SIADH leads to water retention, causing decreased urine output. 2. No edema in ankles: SIADH causes dilutional hyponatremia, not fluid overload like in other conditions causing edema. 3. Increasing headache: Due to cerebral edema from water retention, a common symptom of SIADH. Summary of incorrect choices: B: Elevated blood glucose levels, dry mucous membranes, and severe projectile vomiting - These are not typical signs of SIADH. C: Fever, diarrhea, and nausea - These symptoms are not specific to SIADH. D: Muscle cramps, pins and needles sensation around the mouth/lips, and unexplained bruising - These are not characteristic symptoms of SIADH.