The patient is admitted with complaints of general malaise and fatigue, along with a decreased urinary output. The patient's urinalysis shows coarse, muddy brown granular casts

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the presence of coarse, muddy brown granular casts in the urinalysis indicates intrarenal disease, specifically acute tubular necrosis. This condition is characterized by damage to the renal tubules, leading to the presence of casts in the urine. The patient's symptoms of malaise, fatigue, and decreased urinary output are consistent with acute tubular necrosis. Choice A is incorrect because it does not specify the underlying cause of the kidney injury. Choice B is incorrect as prerenal conditions would typically present with different urinalysis findings. Choice C is incorrect as postrenal obstruction would not typically lead to the presence of granular casts in the urine.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The presence of protein in the glomerular filtrate would indicate a problem with renal function because normally, the glomerulus filters out waste products like creatinine and electrolytes like sodium, but retains proteins. If proteins are found in the filtrate, it suggests that the filtration barrier of the kidney is compromised, leading to protein leakage. Creatinine is a waste product that should be filtered out, so its presence alone does not indicate a renal issue. Sodium is an electrolyte that is normally filtered out efficiently, and the presence of red blood cells in the filtrate would indicate a problem with the filtration process rather than renal function. Therefore, only choice A (Protein) is a clear indicator of a problem with renal function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Correct Answer: D Rationale: 1. Body fluids consist of water and solutes dissolved in it, such as ions, proteins, and other molecules. 2. Referring to body fluids as 'body water' would not account for the presence of solutes in the fluids. 3. It is essential to acknowledge that body fluids are a combination of water and various dissolved substances. 4. By recognizing that body fluids are water plus solutes, the complexity and composition of these fluids are accurately represented. Summary of other choices: A. Incorrect. Internal body cavities are still considered part of the body, so this does not explain why 'body water' is inaccurate. B. Incorrect. Sweat is still a body fluid that contains water and solutes, so this does not address the inaccuracy in the term 'body water.' C. Incorrect. While some body fluids may contain lipids, not all body fluids are lipid-based, so this does not explain the inaccuracy of the term '

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When isotonic fluid is added to the ECF, the concentration of solutes in the ECF remains the same as the ICF. Thus, there will be no osmotic gradient to drive fluid movement between the ECF and ICF, resulting in no net fluid shift. Option A is incorrect because in an isotonic solution, there is no concentration gradient to drive fluid from ICF to ECF. Option C is incorrect as fluid will not shift from ECF to ICF due to the isotonic nature of the added fluid. Option D is incorrect as adding isotonic fluid does not affect solute movement between the ECF and ICF. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: The body produces H+ ions through metabolic processes like nutrient breakdown and intermediary metabolism. Step 2: O2 is not a direct source of H+ production in the body. Step 3: O2 is involved in cellular respiration but does not directly generate H+ ions. Step 4: CO2 can indirectly lead to H+ production through carbonic acid formation. Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is C: O2, as it is not a direct source of H+ production in the body.