The patient has a thoracic spinal cord lesion and incontinence that occurs equally during the day and night. What type of incontinence is this patient experiencing?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Reflex incontinence. This type of incontinence occurs due to a lack of voluntary control over the bladder, usually resulting from a spinal cord lesion. In this case, the thoracic spinal cord lesion is causing the incontinence. The fact that incontinence occurs equally during the day and night suggests a lack of awareness or sensation of bladder fullness, characteristic of reflex incontinence. Summary of other choices: B: Overflow incontinence is due to bladder overdistension and is commonly associated with conditions like BPH or spinal cord injuries at the sacral level. C: Functional incontinence is when a person is unable to reach the toilet in time due to physical or cognitive impairments. D: Incontinence after trauma is a broad term and does not specifically address the pattern of incontinence described in the question.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because hoarseness can be caused by a large thyroid tumor pressing on the larynx, affecting vocal cord function. This physical obstruction directly interferes with the ability of the vocal cords to vibrate properly, leading to hoarseness. Increased capillary permeability (A) would not result in hoarseness. A secondary respiratory infection (B) may cause coughing or throat irritation, but not hoarseness specifically. A psychologic illness (D) would not directly cause hoarseness as it is a physical symptom related to the vocal cords.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer (C): Check the flow to maintain a light pink drainage. Rationale: 1. Darker bladder drainage may indicate blood in the urine, which could be a sign of internal bleeding postoperatively. 2. Checking the flow allows you to assess the amount and color of drainage to ensure it stays light pink, indicating no significant bleeding. 3. Monitoring the drainage color helps in early detection of complications and prompt intervention if needed. Incorrect Choices: A: Calling the attending physician is not the initial action as it may delay necessary intervention. B: Irrigating with a piston syringe can disrupt the natural drainage pattern and should not be done without a healthcare provider's order. D: Ignoring the change in color as expected can lead to overlooking a potentially serious issue.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because salt substitutes often contain potassium, which can be harmful for individuals on a salt-restricted diet, especially those with kidney issues. Excessive potassium intake can lead to dangerous health complications. Choice A is incorrect because while some salt substitutes may enhance flavor, the primary concern with their use is the potassium content, not taste improvement. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests a temporary use of salt substitute, which may not be advisable due to the potential potassium-related health risks. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests alternative seasonings that may not address the issue of potassium intake from salt substitutes.