The pancreas secretes a large amount of digestive enzymes after a meal. Which statement about this process is correct?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer C: Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen to trypsin by cleaving a peptide sequence that blocks the active site of trypsin. This is crucial for the activation of trypsin, a key enzyme in protein digestion. Trypsin then activates other pancreatic enzymes. This process ensures efficient breakdown of proteins in the small intestine. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A: Pepsinogen is not secreted by the pancreas and does not require removal of a peptide sequence from the active site for activation. B: Pancreatic α-amylase is responsible for breaking down starch into maltose and not glucose. D: Pancreatic secretion of hydrochloric acid is not directly related to the activation of pancreatic enzymes; it is the role of stomach acid to provide an acidic environment for pepsin activation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A is false because exercise has been shown to be as effective as, or even more effective than, metformin in slowing the progression of type 2 diabetes. Exercise helps improve insulin sensitivity and manage blood glucose levels, which are crucial for diabetes management. Choices B and C are true statements supported by scientific evidence. Choice D is incorrect as A is false, making the statement "none of the above are false" inaccurate.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) The client reports severe RUQ tenderness. This symptom is indicative of a potential complication following a cholecystectomy, as it could suggest issues such as bile duct injury, bile leakage, or even a retained stone. Reporting severe RUQ tenderness immediately is crucial for timely intervention to prevent further complications. Option A) The client cannot void 4 hours post-operatively is not the most urgent concern in this case, as it could be related to anesthesia effects or fluid balance adjustments post-surgery, which can be monitored and managed over time. Option B) The client reports shoulder pain is a common post-operative symptom due to residual CO2 gas irritating the diaphragm, known as referred pain, and usually resolves spontaneously. It is not typically an immediate concern unless it is severe or persistent. Option D) Output does not equal input for the first few hours is a common occurrence post-operatively due to various factors such as fasting before surgery, fluid shifts, and anesthesia effects. It usually normalizes as the client's bowel function returns, and therefore does not require immediate reporting unless it persists. Educationally, understanding the post-operative complications specific to cholecystectomy is essential for nurses to provide safe and effective care. Recognizing the significance of symptoms like severe RUQ tenderness and knowing when to escalate concerns to the healthcare provider can help prevent adverse outcomes and promote optimal patient recovery.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, option D, "Discouraging lying down immediately after eating," is the most essential aspect in the intervention plan for the older client who underwent esophageal surgery and experiences gastric distention. This is the correct answer because lying down immediately after eating can contribute to gastric distention by hindering proper digestion and causing stomach contents to reflux back into the esophagus, leading to discomfort and distention. Option A, "Supporting the surgical incision for coughing and deep breathing," though important for postoperative care, is not directly related to addressing gastric distention in this case. Option B, "Avoiding oral nourishment until bowel sounds resume and are active," may be important postoperatively but does not specifically address the issue of gastric distention. Option C, "Turning him to perform deep breathing and coughing every two hours," is important for preventing complications like pneumonia but does not directly address gastric distention. Educationally, it is crucial to understand the physiological impact of lying down immediately after eating on digestion and gastric distention post-esophageal surgery. By providing appropriate education and interventions, nurses can help patients optimize their recovery and manage postoperative complications effectively. Promoting proper positioning and postural habits can significantly improve the client's comfort and aid in their recovery process.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In cirrhosis of the liver, the correct physiological change is impaired ability to detoxify chemicals (Option C). This occurs because the liver, which is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the body, is damaged and unable to perform this function effectively. As a result, toxins can build up in the body, leading to various complications. Option A, the ability to metabolize hormones, is incorrect because cirrhosis primarily affects the liver's detoxification function, not its ability to metabolize hormones. Option B, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, is incorrect as cirrhosis typically does not directly impact the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Option D, malabsorption of water-soluble vitamins, is also incorrect as cirrhosis primarily affects the liver's detoxification and metabolic functions rather than vitamin absorption. From an educational perspective, understanding the physiological changes in cirrhosis is crucial for healthcare professionals caring for patients with liver disease. It highlights the importance of monitoring and managing complications related to impaired liver function, such as toxin buildup. This knowledge can inform treatment decisions and help prevent further damage to the liver.