The pancreas:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why Choice C is correct: 1. The pancreas secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon. 2. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon raises them. 3. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. 4. Disruption in their secretion can lead to diseases like diabetes. Summary: Choice A is incorrect because the pancreas does not secrete steroids related to sugar, salt, and sex. Choice B is incorrect because the pancreas is not controlled by the adenohypophysis. Choice D is incorrect because the pancreas does not secrete iodine-containing hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex that specifically regulates salt and water balance in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, thus helping to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Explanation for incorrect choices: B: Glucagon - Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that primarily regulates blood sugar levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver. It does not play a role in salt and water balance regulation. C: Cortisol - Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that is involved in the body's response to stress and helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. It does not have a direct role in salt and water balance. D: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance by increasing water reabsorption. While it is involved

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because ketosis and acidosis are indicative of a rapid and incomplete metabolism of fatty acids. Ketosis occurs when the body breaks down fats for energy, leading to high levels of ketones in the blood. Acidosis results from the accumulation of acidic substances in the body due to incomplete metabolism. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because excess insulin does not cause ketosis and acidosis, diabetes insipidus is unrelated to these conditions, and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is not the appropriate treatment for ketosis and acidosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the salivary gland. The salivary gland is not an endocrine gland because it secretes saliva directly into the oral cavity, rather than into the bloodstream like endocrine glands. The pancreas (A) secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. The testes (B) produce hormones like testosterone that are released into the bloodstream. The parathyroid (D) gland secretes parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate calcium levels. In summary, the salivary gland is not considered an endocrine gland because it does not secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream for systemic effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Parathyroid hormone (PTH). The anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions, such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism. PTH is actually produced by the parathyroid glands, not the anterior pituitary. Human growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are all hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Therefore, C is the correct answer as it is not a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland.