The nursing staff has worked very hard this year in trying to screen essentially the entire African- American population in the community for diabetes. How can the success of the nursing staff's efforts be immediately verified?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The prevalence of diabetes will decrease in the community. This is because successful screening efforts will lead to early detection and treatment of diabetes, ultimately reducing the overall prevalence of the disease in the community. A and B are incorrect because they suggest negative outcomes (epidemic and increase in incidence) which would indicate failure of the screening efforts. D is incorrect because an increase in risk for diabetes would not be a direct measure of the nursing staff's success in screening the population.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epidemiologic triangle. This model helps the nurse examine the interplay between the host, agent, and environment in disease causation. The host represents the individual, the agent is the factor causing the disease, and the environment includes external factors. By using this model, the nurse can assess all contributing factors comprehensively. - B: Health promotion focuses on promoting health rather than disease causation. - C: Levels of prevention refers to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, not the examination of disease factors. - D: Natural history of disease explains the progression of a disease, but does not consider all factors leading to disease causation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Primary prevention. By advising the client to consume three servings of milk or dairy products daily, the nurse is aiming to prevent the occurrence of osteoporosis in the first place. This falls under primary prevention, which focuses on preventing the disease before it occurs. The other choices are not correct because secondary prevention involves early detection and treatment to prevent the disease from progressing further, tertiary prevention focuses on managing the disease to prevent complications, and treatment without preventive measures does not fall under any prevention category.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The sensitivity of the test. Sensitivity measures the ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have the disease (true positives). In this case, identifying infected individuals accurately is crucial to prevent them from spreading the disease to their families. A high sensitivity ensures that those who are infected are not missed and can receive immediate treatment to prevent further transmission. Choice A (negative predictive value) is incorrect because it focuses on the proportion of negative results that are truly negative, which is not the primary concern in this scenario. Choice B (positive predictive value) is also incorrect as it measures the proportion of positive results that are truly positive, which is important but not as critical as identifying all infected individuals. Choice D (specificity of the test) is not the most important factor in this situation because it measures the ability of the test to correctly identify individuals who do not have the disease (true negatives), which is not the primary concern when dealing with a potential disease outbreak.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: A cultural or ethnic concentration in the neighborhood. This is the most likely explanation because a higher prevalence of the disease in one neighborhood could be due to specific cultural or ethnic factors that increase susceptibility to the illness. This could include differences in lifestyle, dietary habits, genetic predispositions, access to healthcare, or exposure to environmental risk factors within that community. This explanation aligns with the observed statistical data showing a cluster of cases in a specific neighborhood. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Choice B (The geographic location of the neighborhood within the city) is not a sufficient explanation on its own as it does not directly address why there would be a higher prevalence of the disease in that particular neighborhood. Choice C (A statistical fluke without meaning) is unlikely given the clear pattern of significantly more cases in one specific area. Choice D (The time of year the different statistics were collected throughout the city) is irrelevant as the question states that all else is the same