The nurse suspects stable angina rather than MI pain in the patient who reports that his chest pain

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) is relieved by nitroglycerin. This is a characteristic symptom of stable angina, which is chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to narrowed coronary arteries. Nitroglycerin helps dilate blood vessels, improving blood flow to the heart and relieving angina symptoms. Option B) is a sensation of tightness or squeezing, which is a common description of angina pain but is not specific to differentiating between stable angina and myocardial infarction (MI). Option C) states that the pain does not radiate to the neck, back, or arms. While this can be a feature of stable angina, it is not a definitive indicator as pain radiation can vary among individuals. Option D) mentions that the pain is precipitated by physical or emotional exertion. This is also a characteristic feature of stable angina, as exertion increases the heart's demand for oxygen, leading to angina symptoms. Educationally, understanding the differences in symptoms between stable angina and MI is crucial for nurses to provide accurate and timely care. Recognizing that nitroglycerin relieves chest pain in stable angina can help guide treatment decisions and differentiate between these two serious cardiac conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) All of the above. Oxygen delivery systems are crucial in providing supplemental oxygen to patients with respiratory issues. Nasal cannula (option A) is a common method that delivers low to medium concentrations of oxygen. It is comfortable and allows the patient to eat, drink, and talk while receiving oxygen. Face mask (option B) is used to deliver higher concentrations of oxygen to patients who require more oxygen supplementation. It covers the nose and mouth, ensuring a higher amount of oxygen is delivered. Ventilator (option C) is a mechanical device that helps with breathing by delivering breaths to the patient. It is used in cases where a patient is unable to breathe adequately on their own. The correct answer includes all these methods because each plays a specific role in oxygen delivery based on the patient's needs. Understanding the different methods is crucial for healthcare providers to effectively administer oxygen therapy and support patients with respiratory issues.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Cardiac markers and enzymes are crucial indicators used in diagnosing and monitoring various heart conditions. In this context, the correct answer is option C, which includes both Troponin and CK-MB as cardiac markers. Troponin is a highly specific marker for cardiac muscle injury and is considered the gold standard in diagnosing myocardial infarction. Elevated levels of Troponin in the blood indicate damage to the heart muscle, providing essential information for timely intervention and treatment. CK-MB, on the other hand, is an enzyme found predominantly in the heart muscle. An increase in CK-MB levels is also indicative of myocardial damage, particularly within the first 24 hours of a heart attack. It is often used in conjunction with Troponin for a comprehensive assessment of cardiac health. Option A (Troponin) alone is not sufficient as CK-MB adds complementary information. Option B (CK-MB) alone could be misleading without considering Troponin levels, as both markers together offer a more accurate picture of cardiac health. Understanding the significance of these cardiac markers and enzymes is essential for healthcare professionals, especially those working in cardiology, emergency medicine, or critical care settings. Mastery of these concepts ensures accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and improved patient outcomes in cardiovascular care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the dietary management of essential hypertension, reducing caloric and sodium intake, as mentioned in option B, is crucial. High sodium intake can lead to fluid retention and increased blood pressure. Caloric reduction helps in weight management, which is important as obesity is a risk factor for hypertension. Moreover, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can also positively impact blood pressure levels. Option A, increasing carbohydrate intake, is incorrect as high carbohydrate diets can lead to weight gain and insulin resistance, which can worsen hypertension. Option C, increasing protein intake, is not specifically recommended for managing hypertension unless there is a separate medical indication. Option D, reducing fluid intake, can be harmful as it may lead to dehydration and worsen blood pressure control. In an educational context, it is important for healthcare professionals to understand the impact of dietary choices on hypertension management. Teaching patients about the importance of a balanced diet, low in sodium and calories, can empower them to take control of their health. By explaining the rationale behind dietary recommendations, educators can help individuals make informed choices to support their cardiovascular health.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) low cardiac output. Mrs. Payer's weakness after an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is primarily due to her heart's inability to pump effectively, leading to reduced cardiac output. This results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing weakness and fatigue. Option A) emotional exhaustion is incorrect because although emotional stress can exacerbate heart conditions, weakness in this context is more directly related to cardiac function. Option B) not eating is incorrect as the weakness experienced by Mrs. Payer is not solely due to lack of food intake but rather a physiological consequence of her heart's compromised ability to pump blood effectively. Option C) elevated CO2 level is incorrect as weakness in acute MI is primarily related to decreased oxygen delivery rather than elevated CO2 levels. Educationally, understanding the relationship between cardiac output and symptoms like weakness in acute MI is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide appropriate care and interventions for patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of reduced cardiac output can help in prompt identification and management of complications post-MI.