The nurse routinely includes health teaching about vitamins to patients. Vitamin D has a major role in which process?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism, promoting bone health by enhancing intestinal absorption of these minerals. Night blindness (A) is associated with vitamin A deficiency. Growth and development (C) are influenced by multiple vitamins, not just vitamin D. DNA and prothrombin synthesis (D) are unrelated to vitamin D.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Informed consent is a legal and ethical requirement that ensures the patient understands the purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives of participating in a clinical trial. The patient must be fully informed before agreeing to participate, and they have the right to withdraw at any time. The consent process does not prevent the patient from suing for damages if harm occurs, nor does it withhold information to ensure the trial's success. Therefore, the nurse's role is to confirm that the patient has received all necessary information and voluntarily agrees to participate.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that works by promoting potassium retention in the body. Therefore, patients taking spironolactone are at a higher risk of developing hyperkalemia, which is an elevated level of potassium in the blood. Hyperkalemia can lead to serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and even cardiac arrest. It is important for the nurse to monitor patients on spironolactone for signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia, such as weakness, numbness, tingling, or an irregular heartbeat. Other diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide (A), furosemide (B), and acetazolamide (C) do not typically cause hyperkalemia as they work to decrease potassium levels in the body.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: H1 receptor antagonists, also known as antihistamines, primarily work by blocking the effects of histamine in the body. Histamine is involved in allergic reactions, itching, and motion sickness. Therefore, H1 receptor antagonists are commonly used for the treatment of allergic reactions, relief of itching, and prophylaxis of motion sickness. They are also sometimes used for the common cold to alleviate symptoms such as runny nose and sneezing. However, H1 receptor antagonists are not typically used as the main treatment for asthma, as they are not as effective in addressing the underlying inflammation and bronchoconstriction that occur in asthma. Asthma is usually managed with medications such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids that target the specific inflammatory pathways involved in asthma.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Clopidogrel is a drug that has a therapeutic effect in preventing thromboembolic events. It is an antiplatelet agent that works by inhibiting platelet aggregation, thus reducing the risk of blood clot formation. Clopidogrel is commonly used in patients at risk for cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes. Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication that also helps prevent blood clots, but it works by a different mechanism than clopidogrel. Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension and angina, while nitroglycerine is a vasodilator used in the treatment of angina.