The nurse researcher distributed an explanatory brochure to participants in the study for full disclosure. Which of the following principles is the researcher protecting?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Informed consent. By distributing an explanatory brochure to participants, the nurse researcher is ensuring that participants are fully informed about the study, its purpose, risks, benefits, and their rights before agreeing to participate. This upholds the principle of informed consent, which is essential in research ethics to protect participants' autonomy and right to make voluntary, informed decisions about participating. Summary: B: Freedom from harm - While important, distributing an explanatory brochure does not directly relate to protecting participants from harm. C: Privacy - Although privacy is crucial in research, ensuring privacy is not the primary focus of distributing an explanatory brochure. D: Justice - While justice is a key principle in research ethics, distributing a brochure does not directly relate to ensuring fairness in participant selection or treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because demonstrating the correct technique for giving a bed bath ensures proper care for the client with ARDS. This includes maintaining proper positioning to prevent respiratory distress. Encouraging the UAP to put the bed in the lowest position (B) is incorrect as it may not be necessary and could potentially worsen the client's condition. Instructing the UAP to get another person to help (C) is unnecessary and may delay care. Providing praise for performing the bath safely (D) is inappropriate as it does not address the importance of proper technique in caring for a client with ARDS.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. In an intrapulmonary shunt, blood flows through the capillaries in the lungs without participating in gas exchange. This leads to poorly oxygenated blood mixing with well-oxygenated blood, reducing overall oxygenation levels. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a ventilation-perfusion mismatch, not an intrapulmonary shunt. Choice B is incorrect as it describes an intracardiac shunt, not an intrapulmonary shunt. Choice D is incorrect as it refers to conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, not intrapulmonary shunts.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To minimize the risk of barotrauma and volutrauma. Low tidal volume ventilation in ARDS reduces the risk of lung injury by decreasing the pressure and volume delivered to the lungs, thus lowering the chances of barotrauma (lung injury from high pressure) and volutrauma (lung injury from excessive volume). This strategy helps protect the fragile alveoli, prevents further damage, and improves outcomes. Choice A is incorrect because low tidal volume ventilation does not directly prevent fluid accumulation in the alveoli. Choice C is incorrect because it focuses on carbon dioxide elimination, which is not the primary goal of low tidal volume ventilation in ARDS. Choice D is incorrect because although improving perfusion in dependent lung areas is important, it is not the primary benefit of low tidal volume ventilation in ARDS.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: PaO2/FiO2 ratio less than 200. This ratio is a key indicator in diagnosing ARDS, with a value below 200 being a hallmark of the condition. ARDS is characterized by severe hypoxemia, which is reflected in a low PaO2/FiO2 ratio. The other choices are incorrect because bilateral wheezing (B) is more suggestive of asthma or COPD exacerbation, hyperinflation on chest x-ray (C) is not specific to ARDS, and fever and purulent sputum (D) may indicate an infection but are not specific to ARDS progression.