The nurse notices that a woman in an exercise class is unable to jump rope. The nurse is aware that to jump rope, one's shoulder has to be capable of:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Circumduction. To jump rope, the shoulder joint needs to perform a circular motion, which is defined as circumduction. This movement involves a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. In contrast, choices A, B, and C do not accurately describe the shoulder movement needed for jumping rope. Inversion (choice A) is a movement of the foot, supination (choice B) is a movement of the forearm, and protraction (choice C) is a movement of the scapula. Therefore, the correct answer is D because circumduction best describes the shoulder movement required for jumping rope.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Abduct her hip while she is lying on her back. This action tests the strength and range of motion of the hip abductors, which are commonly affected in older adults leading to difficulty in walking. By asking the patient to abduct her hip while lying on her back, the nurse can assess if there is any weakness or limitation in her hip abduction movement, which can indicate underlying motor dysfunction. Additionally, this position minimizes the impact of gravity and stabilizes the pelvis, allowing for a more accurate assessment of hip abduction strength. Incorrect options: A: Internally rotate her hip while she is sitting - This does not specifically target the hip abductors, which are more relevant in assessing walking difficulty. C: Adduct her hip while she is lying on her back - Adduction movement is not as relevant in assessing motor dysfunction related to walking difficulty in this context. D: Externally rotate her hip while she is standing - Standing position and external

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Subcutaneous nodules. In rheumatoid arthritis, subcutaneous nodules are commonly found on extensor surfaces such as the olecranon bursa and along the ulna. These nodules are firm, nontender, and can be present in patients with longstanding disease. They are pathognomonic for rheumatoid arthritis. Explanation of other choices: A: Epicondylitis - Involves inflammation of tendons at the elbow, not the presence of nodules. B: Gouty arthritis - Typically presents with acute, painful, swollen joints due to uric acid crystal deposition, not subcutaneous nodules. C: Olecranon bursitis - Presents as swelling and inflammation of the olecranon bursa, not firm nodules.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hip dislocation. Asymmetry of gluteal folds in infants can indicate developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The nurse should assess for other signs of hip dislocation such as limited hip abduction, leg length discrepancy, or uneven skin folds. DDH can lead to long-term issues if not treated early. A: Fractured clavicle - Unrelated to asymmetry of gluteal folds. Typically occurs during birth. B: Down syndrome - Does not typically present with asymmetry of gluteal folds. C: Spina bifida - Typically presents with neurological deficits, not asymmetry of gluteal folds.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the hypothalamus is indeed responsible for controlling body temperature and regulating sleep. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The cerebellum is primarily involved in coordination and balance, not speech and emotions. C: The basal ganglia are involved in motor control and not voluntary movements. D: Motor pathways typically synapse in the brainstem or spinal cord, not the thalamus.