The nurse must continually assess the infant who has meconium aspiration syndrome for the complication of

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Persistent pulmonary hypertension is a common complication associated with meconium aspiration syndrome. It can lead to hypoxemia and acidosis, making it crucial for the nurse to monitor for this complication in infants with meconium aspiration syndrome. The other options do not directly correlate with meconium aspiration syndrome and its complications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In cystic fibrosis, a common complication is respiratory distress due to thick mucus obstructing airways. This leads to impaired gas exchange, resulting in hypoxia and hypercapnia. The arterial blood gas (ABG) study in cystic fibrosis typically shows a pattern of chronic respiratory acidosis. Option D, "hyponatraemic hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis," is the correct answer. In cystic fibrosis, patients lose excessive salt in their sweat, leading to hyponatremia and hypochloremia. Respiratory acidosis causes the body to compensate by retaining bicarbonate, resulting in metabolic alkalosis. Option A, "hypernatraemic hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis," is incorrect as hypernatremia is not typically seen in cystic fibrosis due to salt losses. Option B, "hyponatraemic hypochloremic metabolic acidosis," is incorrect as metabolic acidosis is not the expected compensation for respiratory distress in cystic fibrosis. Option C, "hyponatraemic hyperchloraemic metabolic alkalosis," is incorrect because hyperchloremia is not a common feature in cystic fibrosis-related respiratory distress. Understanding ABG interpretation in cystic fibrosis is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing the specific ABG patterns can guide appropriate nursing interventions and help in maintaining optimal respiratory function for these patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the pediatric population, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is a commonly encountered risk factor for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). This autoimmune disorder leads to an increased risk of blood clots due to the presence of antibodies that target phospholipids in the blood vessel walls, promoting clot formation. Option A, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, is the correct answer because it directly predisposes individuals, including children, to thrombotic events. Hematologic malignancies (Option B), although they can increase the risk of thrombosis, are not as commonly associated with DVT and PE in the pediatric population as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Sickle cell disease (Option C) is more closely linked to vaso-occlusive crises and acute chest syndrome rather than DVT and PE. Nephrotic syndrome (Option D) can lead to hypercoagulability, but it is not as prevalent a risk factor for DVT and PE in children as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Educationally, understanding the unique risk factors for DVT and PE in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses caring for this population. Recognizing the association between antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and thrombotic events can guide preventative measures and prompt early intervention to reduce the risk of life-threatening complications such as PE. Identifying and addressing these risk factors promptly can significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question on pectus excavatum (funnel chest), the correct answer is D) >90% have a positive family history. This is the correct answer because pectus excavatum is known to have a genetic component, with a strong likelihood of being present in family members of affected individuals. Option A) occurs in 1:400 births is incorrect because pectus excavatum is a relatively common congenital chest wall deformity, affecting around 1 in 400 births. Option B) associated with a connective tissue disorder is incorrect. Pectus excavatum is primarily a skeletal deformity and is not typically associated with connective tissue disorders. Option C) usually becomes apparent in the neonatal period is also incorrect. While some cases of pectus excavatum may be noticeable in infancy, it typically becomes more prominent as the child grows and the chest wall develops. Educationally, understanding the features of pectus excavatum is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in pediatric nursing, as it helps in early identification, appropriate interventions, and family education. Knowing that there is a strong familial link can guide healthcare providers in assessing other family members and providing genetic counseling if needed.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Hepatocyte giant cells. In the context of a liver biopsy, the presence of hepatocyte giant cells is indeed characteristic. Hepatocyte giant cells are multinucleated cells that can be seen in certain liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis or drug-induced liver injury. They are not normally present in healthy liver tissue. Option B) Cholestasis is incorrect because it refers to a condition where bile flow from the liver is impaired, leading to the accumulation of bile in the liver. This does not specifically relate to the presence of hepatocyte giant cells in a liver biopsy. Option C) Portal triads are structures in the liver that consist of a branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. While important for liver function, they are not directly related to the presence of hepatocyte giant cells. Option D) Paucity of bile ducts is a term used to describe a condition where there is a decreased number of bile ducts in the liver. This is typically seen in conditions like Alagille syndrome and is not directly linked to the presence of hepatocyte giant cells. In an educational context, understanding the histological features seen in liver biopsies is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with liver diseases. Recognizing hepatocyte giant cells can aid in the diagnosis and management of these conditions, highlighting the importance of histopathology in clinical practice.