The nurse is working with a graduate nurse to prepare an intravenous dose of potassium. Which statement by the graduate nurse reflects a need for further teaching?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The statement "The intravenous potassium dose will be given undiluted" reflects a need for further teaching. Potassium should always be diluted before administration to reduce the risk of causing irritation or damage to the veins. Administration of concentrated potassium solution can lead to serious complications, including local tissue damage, phlebitis, and even cardiac arrest. It is essential to dilute intravenous potassium solutions to ensure safe administration and minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Ondansetron is typically administered orally, commonly in the form of tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, or liquid solution. The medication is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally, making it an effective route of administration for managing nausea and vomiting. SubQ (subcutaneous), sublingual, and buccal routes are not typical routes of administration for ondansetron.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Allopurinol should be taken with food to reduce gastrointestinal irritation. Limiting vitamin C intake is advised because it can increase uric acid levels, counteracting the drug's effects. A rash is not a normal side effect and may indicate a hypersensitivity reaction, requiring immediate medical attention. The therapeutic effects of allopurinol are not immediate and may take weeks to become apparent. Proper patient education is essential to ensure adherence and safety.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Goat yogurt and other high-protein foods should be avoided when taking levodopa because protein can interfere with the absorption of the medication, reducing its effectiveness. Whole grain cereal, asparagus, and apples are not known to interact with levodopa. Therefore, goat yogurt is the food item to avoid.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Amphetamine overdose causes sympathomimetic toxicity: elevated heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) from catecholamine release, mydriasis via alpha-adrenergic stimulation, and CNS excitation—aggressiveness, paranoia, and hallucinations—due to dopamine and norepinephrine excess. Ethanol overdose typically depresses CNS, causing sedation, not excitation, despite possible tachycardia. Fentanyl, an opioid, leads to respiratory depression and miosis, opposite to these symptoms. Flunitrazepam, a benzodiazepine, sedates and lowers BP. Marijuana might cause paranoia but not this full sympathomimetic profile. Amphetamine's stimulant properties directly explain the cardiovascular, pupillary, and psychiatric symptoms, making it the most likely culprit in this acute presentation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Lithium's renal clearance depends on sodium levels; low sodium causes lithium retention, risking toxicity (e.g., tremors, confusion). 'You must use table salt or your kidneys will retain lithium' explains this, ensuring safe levels. Choice A confuses with sea salt. Choice C risks toxicity by reacting late. Choice D downplays sodium's role. B educates accurately, making it the best response.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nitroglycerin is a medication commonly used in the treatment of angina pectoris (chest pain) and heart failure. Its primary action is to dilate the coronary arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. By dilating these arteries, nitroglycerin helps to increase blood flow to the heart and reduce the workload on the heart muscle, thereby relieving chest pain and improving overall heart function. This vasodilatory effect of nitroglycerin also helps in reducing blood pressure and increasing oxygen supply to the heart. Therefore, the correct action of nitroglycerin is to dilate the coronary arteries.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) progression despite methotrexate warrants a TNF-α inhibitor. The description-recombinant human IgG fused to TNF-α receptor-points to Etanercept . Adalimumab and Golimumab are monoclonal antibodies against TNF-α, not receptor fusions. Certolizumab is a PEGylated Fab fragment, not IgG-based. Etanercept , a fusion protein, binds TNF-α, neutralizing it, and matches the question's structure. Infliximab (E) is a chimeric antibody. Etanercept's unique receptor-IgG design distinguishes it, effectively reducing RA inflammation by sequestering TNF-α, a key cytokine, making it the precise answer here.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Trimethoprim's folate antagonism with long-term use causes megaloblastic anemia . Bruising and fatigue reflect impaired erythropoiesis. Aplastic anemia , microcytic , normocytic , and pernicious (E) don't fit. This reversible effect requires folate supplementation.