Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Define nonmodifiable risk factors - these are factors that cannot be changed or controlled by the individual. Step 2: Advanced age is a nonmodifiable risk factor as it is determined by genetics and time. Step 3: Poor control of blood glucose levels, foot trauma, and inappropriate foot care are modifiable risk factors that can be managed through lifestyle changes or medical interventions. Summary: Choice D is correct because advanced age is a nonmodifiable risk factor for diabetes mellitus, while the other choices involve factors that can be modified through appropriate actions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because hemoglobin carries oxygen to the tissues, and with a low hemoglobin level of 6 g/dL, there is insufficient oxygen-carrying capacity to meet the body's needs, leading to shortness of breath (SOB). Choice A is incorrect as anemia affects oxygen transport, not absorption. Choice C is incorrect as anemia affects oxygen delivery, not nutrient delivery. Choice D is incorrect as the primary reason for SOB in this scenario is the lack of oxygen-carrying capacity due to low hemoglobin levels, not lung damage from blood loss.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Arm and leg trembling. With a blood glucose level of 470 mg/dl in a client with type I diabetes mellitus, the most likely finding is arm and leg trembling, which is a common symptom of hypoglycemia. This occurs due to the body's response to low blood sugar levels, causing tremors as a compensatory mechanism to increase glucose utilization. The other choices are incorrect because cool, moist skin is a sign of hypoglycemia, rapid thready pulse is a sign of shock or hypovolemia, and slow shallow respirations are not typically associated with high blood glucose levels in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because protocols are indeed guidelines that assist clinicians in decision-making and choosing interventions for specific health care problems. This definition accurately reflects the purpose and function of protocols in nursing practice. Option B is incorrect as it describes protocols as policies related to nurses' duties and standards of care, which is more aligned with job descriptions and policies rather than protocols. Option C is incorrect as it relates protocols to a code of ethics, which is a separate concept that guides ethical decision-making and behavior in nursing practice. Option D is incorrect as it inaccurately describes protocols as prescriptive order forms, which are actually separate from protocols and are used for medication administration and treatment orders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Wash and inspect the feet daily. This is important for clients with diabetes mellitus to prevent complications like foot ulcers. Daily foot care helps detect any issues early. Choice A is incorrect as it is not recommended to use commercial preparations without medical advice. Choice C is incorrect as walking barefoot can increase the risk of injury and infection. Choice D is incorrect as cutting toenails by rounding edges can lead to ingrown toenails, which can be dangerous for clients with diabetes.