The nurse is teaching a client who suspects that she has a lump in her breast. The nurse instructs the client that a diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed by:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A diagnosis of breast cancer is confirmed through a biopsy, which involves removing a sample of tissue or cells from the lump in the breast and examining it under a microscope. Fine needle aspiration is a minimally invasive procedure where a thin needle is used to remove cells from the lump for examination. This diagnostic method allows for the confirmation of breast cancer by analyzing the cells for signs of malignancy. While breast self-examinations, mammography, and chest x-rays are important tools for detecting breast abnormalities, they are not definitive in confirming a diagnosis of breast cancer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Radiation therapy is a form of cancer treatment that uses a beam of high-energy electromagnetic radiation to target and destroy cancer cells. The high-energy radiation damages the DNA in cancer cells, causing them to die or be unable to multiply. By precisely targeting the tumor with these radiation beams, radiation therapy helps to minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This form of therapy is an essential component in the treatment of many types of cancer, either alone or in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, or other treatments.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The sympathetic nervous system saves fluid in response to the stress of surgery, leading to the urine becoming dark amber and concentrated. During stressful events such as surgery, the body activates the sympathetic nervous system as part of the fight-or-flight response. One of the functions of the sympathetic nervous system in this situation is to conserve fluids in the body by reducing urine output. This results in more concentrated urine, often appearing dark amber in color. Conversely, the parasympathetic nervous system is not typically involved in conserving fluid during stress responses.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Digoxin is a medication commonly used to treat heart failure and certain types of irregular heart rhythms. One of the therapeutic effects of digoxin is an improvement in cardiac output, leading to better tissue perfusion. As the heart's pumping ability improves, blood flow to the kidneys also increases, resulting in an increase in urine output. Therefore, an increase in urine output is a positive indication that digoxin is effective for the patient. Monitoring urine output can be a valuable way for nurses to assess the response to digoxin therapy and the overall cardiac function of the patient.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: High cholesterol, cigarette smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle are modifiable risk factors for the development of hypertension. Race and age are non-modifiable risk factors. By targeting high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, and promoting physical activity, the nurse can help the patient reduce their risk of developing hypertension. It is important to focus on these modifiable factors in the teaching plan to empower the patient to make positive lifestyle changes and improve their overall health.