ATI RN
ATI Fluid Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation Questions
Question 1 of 5
The nurse is providing care for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. When describing the process of respiration the nurse explains how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli. The nurse is describing what process?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diffusion. In respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries through the process of diffusion. Here's the rationale: 1. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 2. In the alveoli, oxygen moves from the air (higher concentration) into the blood (lower concentration) and carbon dioxide moves from the blood (higher concentration) into the air (lower concentration). 3. This exchange occurs passively, without the need for energy input, which is characteristic of diffusion. Summary of other choices: B: Osmosis involves the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane, not gas exchange. C: Active transport requires energy input to move molecules against their concentration gradient, not seen in gas exchange. D: Filtration involves the movement of molecules through a membrane under pressure, not the passive movement of gases in respiration.
Question 2 of 5
The baroreceptors, located in the left atrium and in the carotid and aortic arches, respond to changes in the circulating blood volume and regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic neural activity as well as endocrine activities. Sympathetic stimulation constricts renal arterioles, causing what effect?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Decrease in glomerular filtration. Sympathetic stimulation constricts renal arterioles, leading to decreased blood flow to the kidneys. This reduction in blood flow decreases the glomerular filtration rate, impacting the kidney's ability to filter blood and produce urine. The constriction of renal arterioles does not directly affect the release of aldosterone (choice A), filtration in the Loop of Henle (choice B), or the reabsorption of sodium (choice C). The primary effect of sympathetic stimulation on renal arterioles is to decrease glomerular filtration by reducing blood flow to the kidneys.
Question 3 of 5
You are the nurse caring for a 77-year-old male patient who has been involved in a motor vehicle accident. You and your colleague note that the patients labs indicate minimally elevated serum creatinine levels, which your colleague dismisses. What can this increase in creatinine indicate in older adults?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Substantially reduced renal function. In older adults, elevated serum creatinine levels can indicate impaired kidney function, as the kidneys may not filter waste products as efficiently. This can lead to a buildup of creatinine in the blood. Acute kidney injury (Choice B) is a sudden decline in kidney function and would typically present with a more significant increase in creatinine levels. Decreased cardiac output (Choice C) would not directly cause elevated creatinine levels. Alterations in the ratio of body fluids to muscle mass (Choice D) would not be a common cause of elevated creatinine levels in this scenario.
Question 4 of 5
You are the nurse caring for a patient who is to receive IV daunorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent. You start the infusion and check the insertion site as per protocol. During your most recent check, you note that the IV has infiltrated so you stop the infusion. What is your main concern with this infiltration?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Extravasation of the medication. Extravasation occurs when the infused medication leaks into surrounding tissues, potentially causing tissue damage and necrosis. This is a serious concern with vesicant medications like daunorubicin. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications. Choice B: Discomfort to the patient is incorrect because while discomfort may occur with infiltration, the main concern is the potential for tissue damage from extravasation. Choice C: Blanching at the site is incorrect as it is a common sign of infiltration, but the main concern is the possibility of extravasation and tissue damage. Choice D: Hypersensitivity reaction to the medication is incorrect as it is a different type of reaction that is not directly related to infiltration or extravasation.
Question 5 of 5
The nurse caring for a patient post colon resection is assessing the patient on the second postoperative day. The nasogastric tube (NG) remains patent and continues at low intermittent wall suction. The IV is patent and infusing at 125 mL/hr. The patient reports pain at the incision site rated at a 3 on a 0-to-10 rating scale. During your initial shift assessment, the patient complains of cramps in her legs and a tingling sensation in her feet. Your assessment indicates decreased deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) and you suspect the patient has hypokalemia. What other sign or symptom would you expect this patient to exhibit
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dilute urine. Hypokalemia can lead to kidney dysfunction, causing the kidneys to excrete more water along with electrolytes, resulting in dilute urine. This is a manifestation of the body's attempt to compensate for low potassium levels by excreting excess water. The other choices are incorrect because: A) Diarrhea is more commonly associated with hyperkalemia, not hypokalemia. C) Increased muscle tone is not a typical sign of hypokalemia; rather, hypokalemia can lead to muscle weakness or paralysis due to impaired muscle function. D) Joint pain is not a typical symptom of hypokalemia; joint pain is more commonly associated with other conditions such as arthritis or inflammation.